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261.
In the narrow offshore border zone between Germany and Denmark, 550 km of high‐density 3·5‐kHz subbottom seismic reflection profiles were recorded within a 70‐km2 area in order to reconstruct the seismic stratigraphy of late Pleistocene to early Holocene lacustrine and fluvial environments. Using detailed line drawings, seismic facies analyses and a hierarchy of bounding surfaces, a depositional unit was recognized and subdivided into subunits 4a (oblique‐parallel), 4b (mound, oblique‐tangential), 4c (sigmoid, oblique), 4d and 4e (shingled and parallel). The base of this seismic facies association defines a wide U‐shaped valley with well‐defined scours and, in the valley sides, ‘steps’ are located above deep steep‐dipping reflections. Stratigraphic control was available from 32 coring sites (5‐ to 12‐m‐deep vibrocores). Subunit 4b represents coarsening‐up silt and sand, and samples from subunit 4d show fining‐up fine sand, silt and clay. The seismic facies association is proposed to have formed by a fluvial event of short duration some time in the period between 10·3 14C ka BP and 9·0 14C ka BP. Subunits 4a to 4e represent gradually decreasing flow power. A peak flow initiated the fluvial event, after which water discharge and level fell rapidly. Subsequently, the normal background discharge from the Baltic Sea area dominated the flow style. Reflections beneath the ‘step’‐like valley side with high dip angles are interpreted as faults. This tectonic activity resulted in subsidence in the analysed area and could possibly have influenced the fluvio‐dynamic development. The seismic stratigraphic succession reveals a high‐resolution record of sediments in this area. In particular, the stepwise uncovering of the morphology of the subunits, preserved in high‐resolution seismic facies associations, is proposed as a useful tool in modelling the dynamic development of the near sea‐floor environment. 相似文献
262.
Chemical Characterisation of NIST Silicate Glass Certified Reference Material SRM 610 by ICP-MS, TIMS, LIMS, SSMS, INAA, AAS and PIXE 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Alexander B.E. Rocholl Klaus Simon Klaus Peter Jochum Frank Bruhn Roland Gehann Utz Kramar Werner Luecke Michael Molzahn Ernst Pernicka Michael Seufert Bernhard Spettel Jens Stummeier 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》1997,21(1):101-114
National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) silicate glass SRM 610 is widely used as a certified reference material for various micro-analytical techniques such as SIMS or laser ablation ICP-MS. SRM 610 has been nominally doped with sixty one trace elements at the 500 μg g−1 level, but certified concentration data exist for only a few of these elements. This study reports concentration data for fifty nine trace elements obtained by ICP-MS, SSMS, LIMS, TIMS, INAA, AAS, and PIXE analyses of two different SRM 610 wafers. Most elements fall within a 10% band around a median value of about 440 μg g−1 . The REE concentrations are shown to be constant to 3% (1 σ), thus emphasizing the value of SRM 610 as a reference material for REE analyses.
Comparison of our values with published data suggests that different SRM 610 wafers are, within errors, chemically identical for most elements. Exceptions to this general rule appear to be restricted to elements which were partly lost during the production of the glass, e.g. Ag and Br. On the basis of six independent determinations of Rb concentrations, which are systematically lower by a few percent than the reported NIST value, we argue that the certified Rb concentration may not be representative for all distributed SRM 610 wafers. 相似文献
Comparison of our values with published data suggests that different SRM 610 wafers are, within errors, chemically identical for most elements. Exceptions to this general rule appear to be restricted to elements which were partly lost during the production of the glass, e.g. Ag and Br. On the basis of six independent determinations of Rb concentrations, which are systematically lower by a few percent than the reported NIST value, we argue that the certified Rb concentration may not be representative for all distributed SRM 610 wafers. 相似文献
263.
Tobias Schaller H. Christoph Moor Bernhard Wehrli 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1997,59(4):345-361
Concentration profiles of Mg, K, La, Fe, Mn, V, Cr, As and Mo were determined in samples from a freeze core taken at the deepest
site of Baldeggersee in 1993. The special coring technique allowed an exact dating of the sediment samples and an annual resolution
of the profiles. Long term changes in benthic redox conditions produce diagnostic trends in several metal profiles. Fe, As
and Mn enrichments trace the onset of anoxia at the deepest site of the lake. High values of Mo concentrations and Cr/V ratios
indicate periods of stable anoxic conditions in a meromictic hypolimnion. A comparison of oxygen time series with metal profiles
between 1950 and 1990 indicates that Mn reacts sensitively to large seasonal variations of deep-water oxygen concentrations. 相似文献
264.
Time-dependent effects of heat advection and topography on cooling histories during erosion 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Both erosion and surface topography cause a time-dependent variation in isotherm geometry that can result in significant errors in estimating natural exhumation rates from geochronologic data. Analytical solutions and two-dimensional numerical modelling are used to investigate the magnitude of these inaccuracies for conditions appropriate to many rapidly exhumed mountain chains of rugged relief. It is readily demonstrated that uplift of the topographic surface has a negligible effect on the cooling history of an exhumed rock sample and cannot be quantified by current geochronologic methods. The topography itself perturbs the isotherms to a depth that depends on both the vertical and horizontal scale of the surface relief. Estimations employing different isotopic systems in the same sample with higher closure temperatures (> 200°C) are not generally influenced by topography. However, direct conversion of cooling rates to exhumation rates assuming a simple constant linear geotherm markedly underestimates peak rates, due to variation of the geothermal gradient in time and space and to the time lag between exhumation and cooling. Estimations based on the altitude variation in apatite fission-track ages are less prone to such inaccuracies in geothermal gradient but are affected by near-surface time-dependent variation in isotherm depth due to advection and topography. In tectonically active mountain belts, high exhumation rates are coupled with rugged topography, and exhumation rates may be markedly overestimated, by factors of 2 or more. Even at lower exhumation rates on the order of 1 mm/a, the shape of the cooling curve is modified by advection and topography. A convex-concave shape to the cooling curve does not necessarily imply a change of exhumation rate; it may also be attained by a more complicated geothermal gradient induced by topographic relief. Very fast cooling below 100°C, often interpreted as reflecting faster exhumation, can be more simply explained by the lateral cooling effect of topographic relief, with samples exhumed in valleys displaying a different near-surface cooling history to those on ridge crests. 相似文献
265.
Bernhard Müller Urs Schaltegger Urs Klötzli Markus Flisch 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1996,85(4):822-831
Garnet–hornblende–plagioclase gneisses rich in incompatible elements occur in the crystalline basement of the Austro-Alpine
Silvretta nappe and are associated with clinopyroxene norites and harzburgite cumulates. It is proposed here that the gneisses
were formerly oceanic plagiogranites. An εNd(
530
) value of +5.6 for the gneisses as well as initial 87Sr/86Sr values of 0.7036–0.7037 for the gabbroic rocks and 0.7026–0.7027 for the ultramafic rocks suggest a mantle source for this
rock association. The geochemical characteristics of the garnet–hornblende–plagioclase gneisses indicate that their precursors
were derived by fractional crystallization from a basaltic parent magma, by the same process which produced the adjacent clinopyroxene
norites and ultramafic cumulates as well. The combined U–Pb upper intercept ages of zircons from two gneiss samples yield
an igneous crystallization age of 532±30 Ma, similar to previously dated (mostly calc-alkaline) orthogneisses in the same
area. High-quality transparent zircons showed the least degree of discordance, but contain extremely low U and Pb levels.
The rock suite, including this plagiogranite, was emplaced within oceanic crust which formed in the latest Precambrian–early
Palaeozoic off the northern continental margin of Gondwana.
Received: 26 April 1996 / Accepted: 2 August 1996 相似文献
266.
Andreas Becker Bernhard Scherer Michael Memmesheimer Heiner Geiß 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2002,42(1):41-70
In this paper we try to identify and describe the specifics of the Berlin city plume characterised by a zone of enhanced photochemical activity downwind of the urban area, where the major emissions of ozone precursors (NOx and VOC) take place. Two Eulerian CTM systems (EURAD and REM3/CALGRID) and one Euler–Lagrangian model (LaMM5) are applied to thearea of Berlin/Brandenburg to investigate the processes involved in the evolution of the Berlin plume inherent to the models. The study focuses on 20 July 1998,the first special observation period (SOP) during BERLIOZ. The examination includes (1) the role of turbulence and transport and the role of mass flux to the surface during the evolution of the plume, (2) the import situation of the ground based measurement sites, (3)the terms of the ozone budget equation and their contribution to precursor distribution and ozone formation, (4) the substructures of the plume defined by its chemical regimes. Main results show that the complex meteorological conditions during this SOP with considerable turbulent transports demand an Euler–Lagrangian approach to determine the source receptor relationshipsfor the ground based measurement sites. These relations reveal that only a minor part (5%) of the air approaching Pabstthum and the more downwind (north-western) stations origins from Berlin and that the mutual transport between all sites was limited. The latter result afflicts the joint interpretation of data from different stations because the presumption to measure the same air mass is violated in many cases for this SOP. The CTM results reveal that the local net production of ozone within the plume was controlled by transport ad chemical processes both owning the same importance but tending to counteract each other. At this SOP far distance sources of ozone precursors originating from the Bohemian basin did not interfere the Berlin city plume although they generally have the potential to do so. 相似文献
267.
通过对塔里木盆地满加尔凹陷低成熟煤岩在开放在线程序升温体系的热模拟实验,获得煤岩在不同温度点的热分解产物CH4、CO和N2,并对模拟后残留产物进行了镜质体反射率测试,建立了镜质体反射率与对应受热温度之间的关系。煤岩镜质体反射率与热温度之间的二阶关系表达为:Ro=0.0014×T+0.109,r=0.9931(Ro<0.6%);Ro=0.0067×T-1.5855,r=0.9996(Ro>0.6%)。通过上述方程建立CH4/N2值与煤岩镜质体反射率之间的对应关系,并利用CH4/N2值对塔里木盆地库车坳陷天然气热成熟度进行了预测。预测结果与实际地质分析结果相吻合,说明CH4/N2值可以作为塔里木盆地煤成气热成熟度预测指标应用于油气勘探中。 相似文献
268.
Werner F. Thöny Peter Tropper Friederike Schennach Erwin Krenn Friedrich Finger Reinhard Kaindl Franz Bernhard Georg Hoinkes 《Swiss Journal of Geoscience》2008,101(1):111-126
Within the Ötztal Complex (ÖC), migmatites are the only geological evidence of the pre-Variscan metamorphic evolution, which led to the occurrence of partial anatexis in different areas of the complex. We investigated migmatites from three localities in the ÖC, the Winnebach migmatite in the central part and the Verpeil- and Nauderer Gaisloch migmatite in the western part. We determined metamorphic stages using textural relations and electron microprobe analyses. Furthermore, chemical microprobe ages of monazites were obtained in order to associate the inferred stages of mineral growth to metamorphic events. All three migmatites show evidence for a polymetamorphic evolution (pre-Variscan, Variscan) and only the Winnebach migmatite shows evidence for a P-accentuated Eo-Alpine metamorphic overprint in the central ÖC. The P-T data range from 670–750 °C and < 2.8 kbar for the pre-Variscan event, 550–650 °C and 4–7 kbar for the Variscan event and 430–490 °C and ca. 8.5 kbar for the P-accentuated Eo-Alpine metamorphic overprint. U-Th-Pb electron microprobe dating of monazites from the leucosomes from all three migmatites provides an average age of 441 ± 18 Ma, thus indicating a pervasive Ordovician-Silurian metamorphic event in the ÖC. 相似文献
269.
Wolf Bernhard Dickoré 《GeoJournal》1991,25(2-3):265-284
Botanical results of the “Sino-German Joint Expedition to K2, 1986” are presented with remarks on vegetation of SW Kashgaria,
the W Kunlun Shan and the N declivity of the central Karakoram mountains. The vertical and horizontal zonation of the vegetation
and flora of a cross-section of the Karakoram/Kunlun N declivity from the edge of the Tarim basin to the summit-pyramid of
K2 is outlined. The transect covers altitudes between c. 1300 and 5200 m. Altitudinal vegetation belts distinguished along
the transect, their extension, and characteristic species are:
An annotated list of 301 species collected (1 Charophyta, 2 Pteridophyta, 6 Gymnospermae, 292 Angiospermae) is given. Floristical
and vegetation features of the Karakoram/Kunlun N declivity are discussed in connection with environmental factors and their
variation, and in relation to pleistocene glaciation. 相似文献
270.