A Wavelet-Based Assessment of Topographic-Isostatic Reductions for GOCE Gravity Gradients   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

Thomas Grombein  Xiaoguang Luo  Kurt Seitz  Bernhard Heck 《Surveys in Geophysics》2014,35(4):959-982

Gravity gradient measurements from ESA’s satellite mission Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) contain significant high- and mid-frequency signal components, which are primarily caused by the attraction of the Earth’s topographic and isostatic masses. In order to mitigate the resulting numerical instability of a harmonic downward continuation, the observed gradients can be smoothed with respect to topographic-isostatic effects using a remove–compute–restore technique. For this reason, topographic-isostatic reductions are calculated by forward modeling that employs the advanced Rock–Water–Ice methodology. The basis of this approach is a three-layer decomposition of the topography with variable density values and a modified Airy–Heiskanen isostatic concept incorporating a depth model of the Mohorovi?i? discontinuity. Moreover, tesseroid bodies are utilized for mass discretization and arranged on an ellipsoidal reference surface. To evaluate the degree of smoothing via topographic-isostatic reduction of GOCE gravity gradients, a wavelet-based assessment is presented in this paper and compared with statistical inferences in the space domain. Using the Morlet wavelet, continuous wavelet transforms are applied to measured GOCE gravity gradients before and after reducing topographic-isostatic signals. By analyzing a representative data set in the Himalayan region, an employment of the reductions leads to significantly smoothed gradients. In addition, smoothing effects that are invisible in the space domain can be detected in wavelet scalograms, making a wavelet-based spectral analysis a powerful tool.  相似文献   

Karst morphology and groundwater vulnerability of high alpine karst plateaus   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Lukas Plan  Kurt Decker  Robert Faber  Michael Wagreich  Bernhard Grasemann 《Environmental Geology》2009,58(2):285-297

High alpine karst plateaus are recharge areas for major drinking water resources in the Alps and many other regions. Well-established methods for the vulnerability mapping of groundwater to contamination have not been applied to such areas yet. The paper characterises this karst type and shows that two common vulnerability assessment methods (COP and PI) classify most of the areas with high vulnerability classes. In the test site on the Hochschwab plateau (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria), overlying layers are mostly absent, not protective or even enhance point recharge, where they have aquiclude character. The COP method classifies 82% of the area as highly or extremely vulnerable. The resulting maps are reasonable, but do not differentiate vulnerabilities to the extent that the results can be used for protective measures. An extension for the upper end of the vulnerability scale is presented that allows identifying ultra vulnerable areas. The proposed enhancement of the conventional approach points out that infiltration conditions are of key importance for vulnerability. The method accounts for karst genetical and hydrologic processes using qualitative and quantitative properties of karst depressions and sinking streams including parameters calculated from digital elevations models. The method is tested on the Hochschwab plateau where 1.7% of the area is delineated as ultra vulnerable. This differentiation could not be reached by the COP and PI methods. The resulting vulnerability map highlights spots of maximum vulnerability and the combination with a hazard map enables protective measures for a manageable area and number of sites.  相似文献   

Amphibole megacrysts as a probe into the deep plumbing system of Merapi volcano,Central Java,Indonesia   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Stefan?T.?M.?PetersEmail author  Valentin?R.?Troll  Franz?A.?Weis  Luigi?Dallai  Jane?P.?Chadwick  Bernhard?Schulz 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2017,172(4):16

Amphibole has been discussed to potentially represent an important phase during early chemical evolution of arc magmas, but is not commonly observed in eruptive arc rocks. Here, we present an in-depth study of metastable calcic amphibole megacrysts in basaltic andesites of Merapi volcano, Indonesia. Radiogenic Sr and Nd isotope compositions of the amphibole megacrysts overlap with the host rock range, indicating that they represent antecrysts to the host magmas rather than xenocrysts. Amphibole-based barometry suggests that the megacrysts crystallised at pressures of >500 MPa, i.e., in the mid- to lower crust beneath Merapi. Rare-earth element concentrations, in turn, require the absence of magmatic garnet in the Merapi feeding system and, therefore, place an uppermost limit for the pressure of amphibole crystallisation at ca. 800 MPa. The host magmas of the megacrysts seem to have fractionated significant amounts of amphibole and/or clinopyroxene, because of their low Dy/Yb ratios relative to the estimated compositions of the parent magmas to the megacrysts. The megacrysts’ parent magmas at depth may thus have evolved by amphibole fractionation, in line with apparently coupled variations of trace element ratios in the megacrysts, such as e.g., decreasing Zr/Hf with Dy/Yb. Moreover, the Th/U ratios of the amphibole megacrysts decrease with increasing Dy/Yb and are lower than Th/U ratios in the basaltic andesite host rocks. Uranium in the megacrysts’ parent magmas, therefore, may have occurred predominantly in the tetravalent state, suggesting that magmatic fO₂ in the Merapi plumbing system increased from below the FMQ buffer in the mid-to-lower crust to 0.6–2.2 log units above it in the near surface environment. In addition, some of the amphibole megacrysts experienced dehydrogenation (H₂ loss) and/or dehydration (H₂O loss), as recorded by their variable H₂O contents and D/H and Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ ratios, and the release of these volatile species into the shallow plumbing system may facilitate Merapi’s often erratic eruptive behaviour.  相似文献   

On a nonlinear hybrid method for multiscale analysis of a bearing-capacity test of a real-scale segmental tunnel ring     

Jiao-Long Zhang  Herbert A. Mang  Xian Liu  Yong Yuan  Bernhard Pichler 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2019,43(7):1343-1372

A nonlinear hybrid method is developed for multiscale analysis of a bearing-capacity test of a real-scale segmental tunnel ring subjected to point loads. The structural analysis consists of two parts. Part I refers to modeling of bending-induced tensile cracking of the segments, resulting from the external loading. The segments are subdivided into elements, according to the crack spacing. Each element is either intact or contains one central crack band, flanked by lateral undamaged domains. A multiscale model for tensile softening of concrete is used to describe the progressive deterioration of the crack bands. After iterative determination of their state of damage, the effective bending and extensional stiffnesses of the corresponding elements are quantified by means of Voigt-Reuss-Hill estimates. The effective stiffnesses are used for linear-elastic simulations of the segmental tunnel ring. Part II refers to the relative rotation angles at the joints, which are estimated from monitoring data, using the Bernoulli-Euler hypothesis. Since the validity of this hypothesis is questionable for neck-like joints, the relative rotation angles are post-processed such that they refer to rigid body displacements of the segments. The following conclusions are drawn: The presented approach yields good estimates of crack widths. Relative rotation angles at the joints mainly result in rigid body displacements of the segments, governing the convergences. Because realistic interface models are lacking, hybrid analysis based on displacement-monitoring data allows for performing ultimate-load analysis of segmental tunnel rings.  相似文献   

Gain and loss of uranium by meteorites and rocks,and implications for the redistribution of uranium on Mars     

Gerlind DREIBUS  Reinhard HAUBOLD  Wolfgang HUISL  Bernhard SPETTEL 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2007,42(6):951-962

Abstract Terrestrial alteration of meteorites results in the redistribution, gain, or loss of uranium and other elements. We have measured the maximum U adsorption capacity of a meteorite and two geochemical reference materials under conditions resembling terrestrial ones (pH 5.8). The basaltic eucrite Sioux County adsorbs 7 ppm of U. The result for the terrestrial granite AC‐E is similar (5 ppm), while the basalt BE‐N adsorbs 34 ppm of U. We have also investigated U adsorption in the presence of phosphate (0.01 M or less) in imitation of conditions that probably occurred in the earlier history of Mars. Such a process would have alterated Martian surface material and would be noticeable in Martian meteorites from the affected surface. The experiments demonstrated the counteracting effects of phosphate, which increases U adsorption, but decreases the quantity of dissolved U that is available for adsorption. U adsorption by AC‐E increases to 7 ppm. The lowered value for BE‐N of 8 ppm results from the low quantity of dissolved U in the volume of solution used. The results from the adsorption experiments and from leaching the Martian meteorite Zagami and a terrestrial basalt imply that the aqueous redistribution of U on Mars was moderate. Acidic liquids mobilized uranium and other metals, but present phosphate impeded the dissolution of U compounds. Some mobilized U may have reached the global sinks, while most of it probably was transported in the form of suspended particles over a limited distance and then settled.  相似文献   

Geochemical-focusing of manganese in lake sediments — An indicator of deep-water oxygen conditions   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Tobias Schaller  Bernhard Wehrli 《Aquatic Geochemistry》1996,2(4):359-378

The lateral distributions of Mn concentrations in the sediments of two Swiss lakes under varying oxygen conditions have been determined. The comparison of Mn distribution patterns with oxygen in the deep-water provides strong evidence for a geochemical-focusing effect, which is driven by the redox cycle of manganese. Conditions essential for this process to occur are anoxic sediments in contact with oxic deep-water. Average sedimentary manganese concentrations determined for different water-depth ranges are directly proportional to the area of shallower sediments. This result indicates that geochemical-focusing of manganese in lake sediments is a promising proxy indicator for the reconstruction of oxygen conditions during deposition.  相似文献   

Adaptive wavelet‐based finite‐difference modelling of SH‐wave propagation     

Stéphane Operto  Jean Virieux  Bernhard Hustedt  Fabrizio Malfanti 《Geophysical Journal International》2002,148(3):476-498

  相似文献   

Beitrag zur Petrographie der Oberharzer Kulmgrauwacke     

Dr Bernhard Mattiat 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1960,7(4):242-280

Zusammenfassung Mit dem Ziel einer moglichst genauen Beschreibung und Charakterisierung warden zwei Profile aus der Oberharzer Kulmgrauwacke untersucht. Es handelt sich dabei um Profile aus der ältesten und der jüngsten stratigraphisch gesicherten Grauwacke führenden Kulmstufe in diesem Gebiet (III 3 and III).Um eine möglichst große Allgemeingültigkeit der Aussagen zu sichern, wurden zusätzlich Proben aus sieben weiteren Aufschlüssen, die über das ganze Oberharzer Gebiet verteilt sind, zu Vergleichsuntersuchungen herangezogen.Die Mineral- und Gesteinskomponenten der Proben warden mikroskopisch bestimmt und beschrieben. Ihr Gehalt wurde quantitativ nach dem Punktzähl-verfahren vonGlagolev in Dünnschliffen bestimmt.Von verschiedenen charakteristischen Proben mit verschiedenem mittleren Korndurchmesser warden quantitative chemische Analysen durchgeführt, ihre Korngrößenverteilung ermittelt und die Korngestalt ihrer wichtigsten Komponenten beschrieben.Eine besondere — hauptsächlich röntgenographische Untersuchung — wurde an den, den Grauwacken zwischengeschalteten Tonschiefern und an den Tonschieferflatschen in den Grauwacken durchgeführt.Anhand der Untersuchungsergebnisse wurde eine Deutung der Entstehungsbedingungen versucht. Dabei warden Rückschlüisse auf die Zusammensetzung des Liefergebietes, sowie Fragen nach dem Abtragungs-, Transport- und Ablagerungsmechanismus dieser Grauwacken besonders berücksichtigt.  相似文献   

Lead concentrations in the northeast Pacific: evidence for global anthropogenic perturbations     

Bernhard K. Schaule  Clair C. Patterson 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1981,54(1):97-116

Lead concentrations were determined by isotope dilution mass spectrometry in 34 surface- and deep-water samples collected in the northeast Pacific between Hawaii and California and off the California coast using a deep-water sampler protected against fouling by contamination from the ship and hydrowire. Measured concentrations lie more than one order of magnitude below previously published open ocean values and they show that in most cases 90% or more of the total lead is in a dissolved form. Lead concentrations are about 10-fold higher in surface and thermocline waters than in deep waters; values drop as low as 1 ng/kg (5 pmol/kg) below 3500 m depth. Lead profiles thus appear different compared to those of most trace metals, which show enrichment in deep waters compared to surface concentrations. Lead concentrations in surface waters increase from 5 to 15 ng/kg (25 to 75 pmol/kg) along a transect starting from a location 200 km off the California coast and continuing towards the center of the North Pacific Gyre. This increase is congruent with that observed for²¹⁰Pb concentrations in the same waters sampled at the same time.Lead is supplied to the open North Pacific largely from the atmosphere, at a rate of about 60 ng/cm² yr, which exceeds the prehistoric oceanic output flux of authigenic lead recorded in pelagic sediments about tenfold. This excess originates from emissions from smelters and combustion of leaded gasoline, overwhelming natural lead inputs that entered the ocean during prehistoric time probably largely through rivers. Vertical lead concentration profiles below the surface mixed layer are probably not in steady state. There, concentrations must be increasing in response to the increase of anthropogenic inputs because the estimated lead residence times are more than 20 years in the thermocline and about 80 years in deep waters. Based on an estimated 10-fold input and concentration increase since the mid-eighteenth century in the surface mixed layer in the central northeast Pacific, it is calculated that the 10 ng/kg average concentration between 100 and 900 m is 2 to 5 times larger, and the 1.8 ng/kg average concentration between 900 and 5000 m depth is about 2 times larger than it was in the mid-eighteenth century. Profiles of lead concentrations in the North Atlantic are expected to be shifted generally to larger values by a factor of 2 to 3 compared to those in the North Pacific because of the effects of greater industrial lead contamination, while lead concentration profiles in the South Pacific are expected to be shifted generally to lower values compared to the North Pacific by about this same factor because of the effects of lesser industrial lead contamination.  相似文献   

Internal gravity waves in the atmosphere     

Prof. Dr. Elmar R. Reiter  Prof. Dr. Bernhard Haurwitz 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1974,23(2):101-114

  相似文献