Long-Term Evaluation of the Scintec Boundary-Layer Scintillometer and the Wageningen Large-Aperture Scintillometer: Implications for Scintillometer Users     

B. Van Kesteren  F. Beyrich  O. K. Hartogensis  M. Braam 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2015,156(2):303-323

  相似文献   

A distribution law for relative humidity in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere derived from three years of MOZAIC measurements     

K. Gierens  U. Schumann  M. Helten  H. Smit  A. Marenco 《Annales Geophysicae》1999,17(9):1218-1226

Data from three years of MOZAIC measurements made it possible to determine a distribution law for the relative humidity in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Data amounting to 13.5% of the total were obtained in regions with ice supersaturation. Troposphere and stratosphere are distinguished by an ozone concentration of 130 ppbv as threshold. The probability of measuring a certain amount of ice supersaturation in the troposphere decreases exponentially with the degree of ice supersaturation. The probability of measuring a certain relative humidity in the stratosphere (both with respect to water and ice) decreases exponentially with the relative humidity. A stochastic model that naturally leads to the exponential distribution is provided. Mean supersaturation in the troposphere is about 15%, whereas ice nucleation requires 30% supersaturation on the average. This explains the frequency of regions in which aircraft induce persistent contrails but which are otherwise free of clouds. Ice supersaturated regions are 3-4 K colder and contain more than 50% more vapour than other regions in the upper troposphere. The stratospheric air masses sampled are dry, as expected, having mean relative humidity over water of 12% and over ice of 23%, respectively. However, 2% of the stratospheric data indicate ice supersaturation. As the MOZAIC measurements have been obtained on commercial flights mainly between Europe and North America, the data do not provide a complete global picture, but the exponential character of the distribution laws found is probably valid globally. Since water vapour is the most important greenhouse gas and since it might enhance the anthropogenic greenhouse effects via positive feedback mechanisms, it is important to represent its distribution correctly in climate models. The discovery of the distribution law of the relative humidity makes possible simple tests to show whether the hydrological cycle in climate models is represented in an adequate way or not.  相似文献   

Chicxulub impact ejecta from Albion Island, Belize     

Kevin O Pope  Adriana C Ocampo  Alfred G Fischer  Walter Alvarez  Bruce W Fouke  Clyde L Webster  Francisco J Vega  Jan Smit  A.Eugene Fritsche  Philippe Claeys 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1999,170(4):275-364

Impact ejecta from the Albion Formation are exposed in northern Belize. The ejecta come from the outer portion of the continuous ejecta blanket of the Chicxulub crater, which is located 360 km to the northwest. The basal unit of the Albion Formation is a 1-m-thick clay and dolomite spheroid bed composed of up to four discrete flows. The clay spheroids are altered impact glass, and the dolomite spheroids are accretionary lapilli. The upper unit is a 15-m-thick coarse diamictite bed containing altered glass, large accretionary blocks, striated, polished, and impacted cobbles, and rare shocked quartz. The abundance of accretionary clasts, evidence for atmospheric drag sorting, and the presence of multiple flows in the Albion Formation indicate that atmospheres play an important role in the formation of the outer portions of continuous ejecta blankets of large craters.  相似文献   

Coupled garnet Lu–Hf and monazite U–Pb geochronology constrain early convergent margin dynamics in the Ross orogen,Antarctica          下载免费PDF全文

G. Hagen‐Peter  J. M. Cottle  M. Smit  A. F. Cooper 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2016,34(4):293-319

The Ross orogen of Antarctica is an extensive (>3000 km‐long) belt of deformed and metamorphosed sedimentary rocks and granitoid batholiths, which formed during convergence and subduction of palaeo‐Pacific lithosphere beneath East Gondwana in the Neoproterozoic–early Palaeozoic. Despite its prominent role in Gondwanan convergent tectonics, and a well‐established magmatic record, relatively little is known about the metamorphic rocks in the Ross orogen. A combination of garnet Lu–Hf and monazite U–Pb (measured by laser‐ablation split‐stream ICP‐MS) geochronology reveals a protracted metamorphic history of metapelites and garnet amphibolites from a major segment of the orogen. Additionally, direct dating of a common rock‐forming mineral (garnet) and accessory mineral (monazite) allows us to test assumptions that are commonly used when linking accessory mineral geochronology to rock‐forming mineral reactions. Petrography, mineral zoning, thermobarometry and pseudosection modelling reveal a Barrovian‐style prograde path, reaching temperatures of ~610–680 °C. Despite near‐complete diffusional resetting of garnet major element zoning, the garnet retains strong rare earth element zoning and preserves Lu–Hf dates that range from c. 616–572 Ma. Conversely, monazite in the rocks was extensively recrystallized, with concordant dates that span from c. 610–500 Ma, and retain only vestigial cores. Monazite cores yield dates that overlap with the garnet Lu–Hf dates and typically have low‐Y and heavy rare earth element (HREE) concentrations, corroborating interpretations of low‐Y and low‐HREE monazite domains as records of synchronous garnet growth. However, ratios of REE concentrations in garnet and monazite do not consistently match previously reported partition coefficients for the REE between these two minerals. High‐Y monazite inclusions within pristine, crack‐free garnet yield U–Pb dates significantly younger than the Lu–Hf dates for the same samples, indicating recrystallization of monazite within garnet. The recrystallization of high‐Y and high‐HREE monazite domains over >50 Ma likely records either punctuated thermal pulses or prolonged residence at relatively high temperatures (up to ~610–680 °C) driving monazite recrystallization. One c. 616 Ma garnet Lu–Hf date and several c. 610–600 Ma monazite U–Pb dates are tentatively interpreted as records of the onset of tectonism metamorphism in the Ross orogeny, with a more robust constraint from the other Lu–Hf dates (c. 588–572 Ma) and numerous c. 590–570 Ma monazite U–Pb dates. The data are consistent with a tectonic model that involves shortening and thickening prior to widespread magmatism in the vicinity of the study area. The early tectonic history of the Ross orogen, recorded in metamorphic rocks, was broadly synchronous with Gondwana‐wide collisional Pan‐African orogenies.  相似文献   

Similarity Relations for C_{T}^2 in the Unstable Atmospheric Surface Layer: Dependence on Regression Approach,Observation Height and Stability Range     

Miranda Braam  Arnold F. Moene  Frank Beyrich  Albert A. M. Holtslag 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2014,153(1):63-87

A great variety of similarity functions for the structure parameter of temperature ( \(C_{T}^2\) ) have been proposed in the literature. They differ in the way they were derived from the data and in the characteristics of the dataset used for their derivation (surface type, observation level, stability range). In this study, we use one single dataset (CASES-99 experiment) and investigate the impact on the similarity functions of applying various regression approaches, and measuring at different heights and within different stability ranges. We limit ourselves to similarity functions under unstable conditions, and evaluate only the most common shape that describes the relation with two coefficients ( \(f\left( z/L\right) =c_{1} \left( 1-c_{2} {z}/{L}\right) ^{-2/3}\) , where \(z\) is the height, and \(L\) is the Obukhov length and a measure of the stability, and \(c_{1}\) and \(c_{2}\) are the regression coefficients). The results show that applying various regression approaches has an impact on the regression coefficients \(c_{1}\) and \(c_{2}\) . Thus studies should always specify the regression approach when presenting similarity relations. We suggest use of an orthogonal distance regression method such that uncertainties in \(-z/L\) are also taken into account, to apply this to the logarithmic transformation of both dimensionless groups, and to use a weighted dataset such that unreliable data points have a smaller influence on the fit. Dividing the dataset into eight height ( \(z\) ) and eight stability ( \(-{1/L}\)  classes) classes, we show that the observation height and the stability range has an impact on the coefficients too. This implies that variations in \(c_{1}\) and \(c_{2}\) found in the literature may result from variations in the height and stability ranges among the datasets. Furthermore, application of the coefficients on a dataset obtained at a different height or within a different stability range has to be made with care. Finally, the variation in the coefficients between the classes indicates that the Monin–Obukhov similarity function for \(C_{T}^2\) is not sufficiently described by the two-coefficient function used here.  相似文献   

SWASH: An operational public domain code for simulating wave fields and rapidly varied flows in coastal waters   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Marcel Zijlema  Guus StellingPieter Smit 《Coastal Engineering》2011

  相似文献   

Are Earth Sciences lagging behind in data integration methodologies?     

Hendrik Paasche  Detlef Eberle  Sonali Das  Antony Cooper  Pravesh Debba  Peter Dietrich  Nontembeko Dudeni-Thlone  Cornelia Gläßer  Andrzej Kijko  Andreas Knobloch  Angela Lausch  Uwe Meyer  Ansie Smit  Edgar Stettler  Ulrike Werban 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(4):1997-2003

  相似文献   

Structural-metamorphic evolution of the Southern Yenisey Range of Eastern Siberia: implications for the emplacement of the Kanskiy granulite Complex     

C. A. Smit  D. D. Van Reenen  T. V. Gerya  D. A. Varlamov  A. V. Fed’kin 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2000,69(1-2):35-67

Summary ?The Southern Yenisey Range of Eastern Siberia consists of the granulite facies Kanskiy Complex bordered in the west by the lower-grade Yeniseyskiy and Yukseevskiy Complexes. Three deformational events were recognized in each of the three complexes along the Yenisey River cross-section: a D1 fabric forming event, a D2 shear and folding event, and a D3 shear event. Thrust kinematics across the Southern Yenisey Range suggest that during the D2 event the Kanskiy Complex was thrusted along a regional ductile shear zone onto the lower-grade complexes. This resulted in shearing and folding as well as the development of a dynamic metamorphic zonation. In the low-grade greenstone belt part of the cross section (Yukseevskiy complex) D2 shearing is associated with peak prograde (T ∼ 660 °C and P ∼ 5.8 kbar) metamorphism. The retrograde P-T path of the Yukseevskiy Complex coincides with minimum T of the near-isobaric cooling P-T paths for the adjacent granulites of the Kanskiy Complex (Perchuk et al., 1989). The metamorphism can therefore be attributed to deformation and heat transfer caused by exhumation of the Kanskiy Complex in the time period 2000–1800 Ma which also defines the most significant tectono-thermal event in the Southern Yenisey Range. The tectono-metamorphic pattern and evolution of the low- to high-grade metamorphic complexes of the Southern Yenisey Range is very similar to that described for the ∼ 2600 Ma Limpopo Complex of Southern Africa and the ∼ 1900 Ma Lapland Complex of the Kola Peninsula. Similar geodynamic processes were therefore possibly responsible for the formation of these high-grade terrains suggesting that their formation is linked to a general geodynamic model.

---

Zusammenfassung ?Strukturelle und metamorphe Entwicklung des südlichen Jenissei-Gebirges in Ost-Sibirien: Bedeutung für die Platznahme des Kanskiy Granulit-Komplexes Das südliche Jenissei-Gebirge in Ost-Sibirien besteht aus dem granulit-faziellen Kanskiy Komplex, der im Westen durch die niedrig-gradigen Jenisseiski und Jukseevski-Komplexe begrenzt wird. Drei Deformations-Phasen k?nnen in jedem der drei Komplexe l?ngs eines Profiles am Jenissei-Fluss beobachtet werden: Eine Phase, die zur Entwicklung des D1 Gefüges führte, eine Phase D2 mit Scher- und Faltvorg?ngen und eine D3 Scher-Phase. Die Kinematik von überschiebungen über das südliche Jenissei-Gebirge deuten an, dass w?hrend der D2-Phase der Kanskiy-Komplex l?ngs einer regionalen duktilen Scherzone auf die niedriggradigeren Komplexe überschoben wurde. Dies führte zu Scherung und Faltung, sowie zur Entwicklung einer dynamischen metamorphen Zonierung. In dem niedriggradigen Grünsteingürtel innerhalb des Profils (Jukseevski-Komplex) ist D2-Scherung mit dem H?hepunkt der prograden Metamorphose (T ≈ 660 °C und P ≈ 5,8 kbar) zusammengefallen. Der retrograde P-T-Pfad des Jukseevski-Komplexes f?llt mit der Minimum-Temperatur der fast isobaren Abkühlung der P-T-Pfade für die benachbarten Granulite des Kanskiy-Komplexes zusammen (Perchuk et al., 1989). Die Metamorphose kann deshalb auf Deformation und W?rmefluss zurückgeführt werden, die durch die Freilegung des Kanskiy-Komplexes zwischen 2.00 und 1.80 Ma verursacht wurde; letztere f?llt auch mit der wichtigsten tektono-thermalen Phase im südlichen Jenissei-Gebirge zusammen. Das tektono-metamorphe Muster und die Entwicklung von niedrig- zu hochgradigen metamorphen Komplexen des südlichen Jenissei-Gebirges ?hnelt in vielf?ltiger Weise dem ungef?hr 2.600 Ma alten Limpopo-Komplex im südlichen Afrika und dem 1.900 Ma alten Lappland-Komplex der Kola-Halbinsel. ?hnliche geodynamische Prozesse waren deshalb m?glicherweise für die Entstehung dieser hochgradig metamorphen Terrains verantwortlich; dies wiederum weist darauf hin, dass ihre Entstehung einem allgemeinen geodynamischen Modell entspricht.

---

---

Received April 27, 1999;/revised version accepted July 14, 1999  相似文献   

COVARIANCE METHODS FOR SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS     

Barry Smit 《The Professional geographer》1978,30(2):140-148

Geographers have adopted a variety of approaches to the analysis of variations in phenomena over space and through time. Investigations of spatio-temporal problems using linear models commonly assume that relationships among variables are stable, either among the spatial units employed or over the time points with which the analysis is concerned. Covariance procedures provide a convenient means for examining the spatial and temporal variability of relationships embodied in such models. In this article an empirical example of employment in agriculture demonstrates the application of the methods.  相似文献   

Community collaboration and climate change research in the Canadian Arctic     

Tristan D. Pearce  James D. Ford  Gita J. Laidler  Barry Smit  Frank Duerden  Mishak Allarut  Mark Andrachuk  Steven Baryluk  rew Dialla  Pootoogoo Elee  Annie Goose  Theo Ikummaq  Eric Joamie  Fred Kataoyak  Eric Loring  Stephanie Meakin  Scott Nickels  Kip Shappa  Jamal Shirley  & Johanna Wandel 《Polar research》2009,28(1):10-27

Research on climate change impacts, vulnerability and adaptation, particularly projects aiming to contribute to practical adaptation initiatives, requires active involvement and collaboration with community members and local, regional and national organizations that use this research for policy-making. Arctic communities are already experiencing and adapting to environmental and socio-cultural changes, and researchers have a practical and ethical responsibility to engage with communities that are the focus of the research. This paper draws on the experiences of researchers working with communities across the Canadian Arctic, together with the expertise of Inuit organizations, Northern research institutes and community partners, to outline key considerations for effectively engaging Arctic communities in collaborative research. These considerations include: initiating early and ongoing communication with communities, and regional and national contacts; involving communities in research design and development; facilitating opportunities for local employment; and disseminating research findings. Examples of each consideration are drawn from climate change research conducted with communities in the Canadian Arctic.  相似文献