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21.
CHRIS POST 《Geographical review》2009,99(2):186-207
ABSTRACT. Lawrence, Kansas, survived a tumultuous beginning. The young town endured attacks twice, in 1856 and 1863. The second raid, by the guerrilla William Quantrill's troop of more than 400 men, resulted in the deaths of 143 citizens. Lawrence serves as an example of how Americans memorialize unconventional warfare, targeted at citizens, in a material and permanent fashion on the landscape. Small and obscurely placed memorials fill the town, to the point that they have become ordinary. The memorialized landscapes of these tragedies thus display ambivalence toward the past and symbolically reject the loss of lives despite this era's high position in the literature and archival history of the town. Additionally, Lawrence has found alternative sources for its historical identity that do not reflect these tragedies but instead celebrate the city's pioneer establishment. In this article I use a set of methods for reading the memorialized landscape that includes archival and landscape analysis and uncovers the processes that have led to this town's understated and ambivalent memorialization and identity. 相似文献
22.
The history of the Salt River Valley is often characterized as a boomtown narrative that highlights the exploding Anglo population and rapid suburban sprawl that followed World War II. Frequently overlooked is the fundamental role that Mexicans played in the early suburbanization process through the formation of urban colonias, or suburban Mexican settlements. Early Mexican suburbs, despite their rural atmosphere, were connected to the pre–World War II urbanization process in the Salt River Valley. Our research seeks to amend and clarify the urban historical record by documenting the diverse and dispersed array of Mexican suburban settlements, a process generated by industrial agriculture, decentralization, and residential segregation. 相似文献
23.
Scaling regimes of composite rainfall time series 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
24.
TREVOR L. FAULKNER CHRIS O. HUNT 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2009,38(4):691-704
Neptune's Cave in the Velfjord–Tosenfjord area of Nordland, Norway is described, together with its various organic deposits. Samples of attached barnacles, loose marine molluscs, animal bones and organic sediments were dated, with radiocarbon ages of 9840 ± 90 and 9570 ± 80 yr BP being derived for the barnacles and molluscs, based on the superseded but locally used marine reservoir age of 440 years. A growth temperature of c . 7.5 °C in undiluted seawater is deduced from the δ13 C and δ18 O values of both types of marine shell, which is consistent with their early Holocene age. From the dates, and an assessment of local Holocene uplift and Weichselian deglaciation, a scenario is constructed that could explain the situation and condition of the various deposits. The analysis uses assumed local isobases and sea-level curve to give results: that are consistent with previous data, that equate the demise of the barnacles to the collapse of a tidewater glacier in Tosenfjord, and that constrain the minimum extent of local Holocene uplift. An elk fell into the cave in the mid-Holocene at 5100 ± 70 yr BP, after which a much later single 'bog-burst' event at 1780 ± 70 yr BP could explain the transport of the various loose deposits further into the cave. 相似文献
25.
STEFAN WASTEGÅRD CHRIS S. M. TURNEY J. JOHN LOWE STEPHEN J. ROBERTS 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2000,29(1):72-78
The Vedde Ash (c. 10 300 14 C BP) provides a key time-parallel marker horizon within the Younger Dryas chronozone or GS-1 event of the GRIP stratigraphy. Until recently, the known distribution of wind-blown Vedde Ash outside Iceland was restricted to the west coast of Norway, off-shore sequences close to the Outer Hebrides and the Greenland summit GRIP ice core. The first discoveries of the Vedde Ash in Scotland were reported in 1997, following the development of a new technique for extracting rhyolitic micro-tephra particles from minerogenic deposits. Here we report on the discovery of the Vedde Ash at additional sites in Scotland and at sites in southern Sweden. The concentration of tephra particles in sediments is highest in sites in western Norway, but is also relatively high in sites in southwestern Sweden, suggesting that the main ash cloud travelled eastwards from its volcanic source of Katla, in southern Iceland. Electron microprobe analyses do not indicate any clear geochemical evolution within the samples reported here. 相似文献
26.
CHRIS W. HUGHES 《地球，A辑:动力气象学与海洋学》2002,54(1):56-62
A general derivation is given for the torque exerted on a non-spherical planet by a shallow fluid, presenting in a unified form a number of results which are currently scattered through the literature, and deriving those results in a new way. This shows how the sum of gravitational and pressure torques can be rewritten as a 'centrifugal' torque plus a topographic torque due to pressure acting on topography measured relative to the geoid. This clarifies the physics behind the use of spherical coordinate atmosphere and ocean models for calculating torques on the earth. It also shows why the total torque due to the earth's equatorial bulge can be calculated as if it were a pressure torque on an 'effective bulge' of approximately 11 km, the gravitational torque partially offsetting the actual pressure torque on the earth's 21 km bulge. 相似文献
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28.
MAHDI ABDELGUERFI CHRIS WYNNE EDGAR COOPER LADNER ROY 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(8):853-873
3-D terrain representation plays an important role in a number of terrain database applications. Hierarchical Triangulated Irregular Networks (TINs) provide a variable-resolution terrain representation that is based on a nested triangulation of the terrain. This paper compares and analyzes existing hierarchical triangulation techniques. The comparative analysis takes into account how aesthetically appealing and accurate the resulting terrain representation is. Parameters, such as adjacency, slivers, and streaks, are used to provide a measure on how aesthetically appealing the terrain representation is. Slivers occur when the triangulation produces thin and slivery triangles. Streaks appear when there are too many triangulations done at a given vertex. Simple mathematical expressions are derived for these parameters, thereby providing a fairer and a more easily duplicated comparison. In addition to meeting the adjacency requirement, an aesthetically pleasant hierarchical TINs generation algorithm is expected to reduce both slivers and streaks while maintaining accuracy. A comparative analysis of a number of existing approaches shows that a variant of a method originally proposed by Scarlatos exhibits better overall performance. 相似文献
29.
Experiments in the Fe–Ni–Cu–S system wereperformed to identify the role of the metal/S atomic ratio onmonosulphide–melt partition coefficients and closed-systemfractionation paths. In accord with previous work, DCu is 相似文献
30.
Origins of Large Volume Rhyolitic Volcanism in the Antarctic Peninsula and Patagonia by Crustal Melting 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10
RILEY TEAL R.; LEAT PHILIP T.; PANKHURST ROBERT J.; HARRIS CHRIS 《Journal of Petrology》2001,42(6):1043-1065
Voluminous rhyolitic volcanism along the palaeo-Pacific marginof Gondwana was marked by three principal episodes of magmatism.The first of these ( V1) is essentially coincident with themain episode of Karoo–Ferrar magmatism at 相似文献