A sensor package for the simultaneous determination of nanomolar concentrations of nitrite, nitrate, and ammonia in seawater by fluorescence detection   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Robert T. Masserini Jr.  Kent A. Fanning 《Marine Chemistry》2000,68(4):1421

A fluorescence-based chemistry has been developed for the detection of nitrite and nitrate (as excess nitrite following reduction of nitrate to nitrite). Detection limits are 4.6 and 6.9 nM, respectively. The technique capitalizes on the triple bond between the two nitrogen atoms within the diazonium ion formed via the well-known reaction between an acidified nitrite sample and an aromatic primary amine. Fluorescence of π-electrons within this bond allows this reaction to be probed with standard fluorescence spectroscopy. Reverse Flow Injection Analysis (rFIA) is used to correct for background fluorescence from leachates and naturally occurring dissolved organic matter (DOM). Comparisons of samples analyzed for nitrite with this technique and with a highly-sensitive chemiluminescent method [Braman, R.S., Hendrix, S.A., 1989. Nanogram nitrite and nitrate determination in environmental and biological materials by vanadium (III) reduction with chemiluminescence detection. Analytical Chemistry, 61 (24) 2716–2718] showed excellent agreement between the two methods (slope=0.9996 and r²=0.9956). These fluorescent nitrite and nitrate + nitrite chemistries were coupled in a sensor package with a modified version of a fluorescent ammonia chemistry [Jones, R.D., 1991. An improved fluorescence method for the determination of nanomolar concentrations of ammonia in natural waters, Limnology and Oceanography. 36(4) 814–819], which also has a nanomolar detection limit. The throughput rate of the fully automated three-channel instrumentation is 18 samples per hour. A field experiment demonstrated the capability of the nutrient sensor package to determine horizontal gradients in nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia in oligotrophic surface waters.  相似文献   

Origin of Carboniferous sandstones fringing the northern margin of the Wales‐Brabant Massif: insights from detrital zircon ages     

Andrew Morton  Colin Waters  Mark Fanning  Ian Chisholm  Matt Brettle 《Geological Journal》2015,50(5):553-574

A study of detrital zircon age populations in Namurian–Westphalian (Carboniferous) sandstones in the southern Central Pennine Basin of the UK has revealed considerable complexity in their provenance history. The Pendleian–Marsdenian Morridge Formation, which is known to have been derived from the Wales‐Brabant Massif to the south on the basis of palaeocurrent and petrographic information, is dominated by zircons ultimately derived from the Caledonian belt to the north. These zircons were recycled from sandstones of northern origin that had been previously deposited over the massif during Middle to Late Devonian times. The Morridge Formation also includes Late Neoproterozoic zircons of local Wales‐Brabant Massif origin. The south lobe of the Yeadonian Rough Rock has been previously interpreted as having a complex provenance including sediment of northern origin interbedded with sediment ascribed to a Wales‐Brabant Massif source. However, the zircon spectrum lacks a Late Neoproterozoic component that would have been diagnostic of input from the Wales‐Brabant Massif, and the provenance history of the Rough Rock south lobe therefore remains enigmatic. The Langsettian Ludgbridge Conglomerate is dominated by Late Neoproterozoic zircons of Wales‐Brabant Massif origin, but even in this evidently proximal deposit, the provenance is complex since the main zircon group (ca. 640 Ma) cannot be matched with known local Neoproterozoic basement sources. The data either indicate the presence of hitherto‐unknown magmatic rocks of this age adjacent to the South Staffordshire coalfield or indicate that the zircons were recycled from sediment with a more distal origin. Finally, the Duckmantian Top Hard Rock contains zircons that can be reconciled with a source in the Irish Caledonides, consistent with the palaeocurrent evidence, supplemented by zircons derived from the Wales‐Brabant Massif, possibly including the Monian Composite Terrane of Anglesey. The study reinforces the important message that failure to recognize the presence of recycled zircon could lead to erroneous reconstructions of sediment provenance and transport history. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The Rio de la Plata craton and the adjoining Pan-African/brasiliano terranes: Their origins and incorporation into south-west Gondwana     

Carlos W. Rapela  C. Mark Fanning  Cesar Casquet  Robert J. Pankhurst  Luis Spalletti  Daniel Poiré  Edgardo G. BaldoAuthor vitae 《Gondwana Research》2011,20(4):673-690

The Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian amalgamation of SW Gondwana through the Brasiliano/Pan-African orogeny is reviewed with emphasis on the role of the Río de la Plata craton of South America in the light of new evidence from a borehole at the eastern end of the Tandilia belt (38°S). U–Pb, Hf and O isotope data on zircon indicate that this un-reworked Palaeoproterozoic craton abuts against a distinct continental terrane to the east (Mar del Plata terrane). The craton is bounded everywhere by transcurrent faults and there is no evidence to relate it to the Neoproterozoic mobile belts now seen on either side. The Punta Mogotes Formation at the bottom of the borehole contains 740–840 Ma detrital zircons that are assigned to a widespread Neoproterozoic rifting event. The data suggest that the Mar del Plata terrane rifted away from the southwestern corner of the Angola block at c. 780 Ma. Negative εHf_t values and δ¹⁸O > 6.5‰ suggest derivation by melting of old crust during a protracted extensional episode. Other continental terranes may have formed in a similar way in Uruguay (Nico Pérez) and southeastern Brazil, where the Schist Belt of the Dom Feliciano orogenic belt is probably a correlative of the Punta Mogotes sequence, implying that the Dom Feliciano belt must extend at least as far as 38°S. A new geodynamic scenario for West Gondwana assembly includes at least two major oblique collisional orogenies: Kaoko–Dom Feliciano (580–680 Ma) and Gariep–Saldania (480–580 Ma), the latter resulting from oblique impingement of the Rio de la Plata craton against the Kalahari craton. Assembly of this part of South-West Gondwana was accomplished before the Ordovician (to Silurian?) siliciclastic platform sediments of the Balcarce Formation in the Tandilia Belt covered the southern sector of Río de la Plata craton.  相似文献   

50 Myr recovery from the largest negative δ13C excursion in the Ediacaran ocean     

Erwan Le Guerrou  Philip A. Allen  Andrea Cozzi  James L. Etienne  Mark Fanning 《地学学报》2006,18(2):147-153

Sedimentary rocks deposited during the Ediacaran period (～630–542 Ma) contain carbonates whose carbon isotopic ratios show a marked negative excursion consisting of a precipitous drop from +5‰ to ?12‰, followed by a sub‐linear recovery to positive δ¹³C values. Isotopic ages (U/Pb) and thermal subsidence modelling are combined to constrain the excursion in time and indicate an onset at ～600 Ma, and duration of recovery of approximately 50 Myr. The excursion is widely recognized in Oman and has potential correlatives in Ediacaran strata elsewhere, and may thus represent a characteristic feature of the Ediacaran period. The amplitude of this carbon isotope excursion far exceeds those of other Neoproterozoic anomalies. The isotopic trend of negative excursion and long‐term recovery spanned at least one short‐lived glacial episode (at 580 Ma), but appears unrelated to glaciation, which indicates that negative anomalies in the Neoproterozoic marine carbon isotope record are not directly or uniquely linked to ice ages.  相似文献   

Detrital zircon ages and geochronological constraints on the Neoproterozoic Puga diamictites and associated BIFs in the southern Paraguay Belt,Brazil     

M. Babinski  P.C. Boggiani  R.I.F. Trindade  C.M. Fanning 《Gondwana Research》2013,23(3):988-997

The Paraguay belt comprises a thick sedimentary succession deposited on the southwestern border of the Amazonian Craton and the Rio Apa Block. The base of the succession in the southern Paraguay belt is marked by a level of glacially derived deposits from the Puga Formation associated with banded iron formations, which has been assumed to be end-Cryogenian in age (635 Ma) by previous authors is spite of the lack of geochronological data. Here we present the first U–Pb SHRIMP ages on detrital zircon grains separated from the matrix of six samples of these diamictites two different localities (Puga Hill and Bodoquena area). U–Pb ages determined from two samples (ca. 130 grains) of Puga Hill show a large variation between 970 Ma and 2100 Ma. Rocks with these ages can be found in the Amazonian Craton suggesting that it is the most probable source of the sediments. Detrital zircons (ca. 230 grains) from the Bodoquena area (about 200 km south of Puga Hill) range from 706 to 1990 Ma. The 1760 Ma source is significantly more important in these samples, comprising more than 70% of analyzed grains, and indicates provenance from the adjacent Rio Apa Block. The youngest zircon was dated at 706 ± 9 Ma, thus constraining the maximum depositional age for the Puga Formation. Possible sources for this younger population could be either the juvenile Mara Rosa magmatic arc in the Brasilia belt, or the rocks from the Laurentian external fold belts located to the west of the sampled area in Neoproterozoic paleogeographic reconstructions. The maximum depositional age of the diamictites (and associated BIFs), together with cap carbonate carbon and strontium isotope data (δ¹³C = ? 5.0 and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.7077) in Puga Hill, indicate that they were deposited after 700 Ma, suggesting that they may represent the end-Cryogenian event.  相似文献   

Occurrence and significance of blueschist in the southern Lachlan Orogen     

C. V. Spaggiari  D. R. Gray  D. A. Foster  C. M. Fanning 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(2):255-269

Serpentinite/talc‐matrix mélanges, bearing blocks of blueschist metavolcanics, occur within the Heathcote and Governor Fault Zones of the southern Lachlan Orogen. In the Heathcote Fault Zone, serpentinite‐matrix mélange consists of blocks or small pods of boninite, andesite, ultramafic rocks, chert and volcanogenic sandstone variably metamorphosed to prehnite‐pumpellyite, greenschist, or greenschist to blueschist facies. In the Governor Fault Zone, blueschist metavolcanics occur as blocks within serpentinite/talc matrix that is interleaved with prehnite‐pumpellyite to greenschist facies, intermediate pressure slate and phyllite. Ar/Ar dating of white mica from slaty mud‐matrix (broken formation) indicates that the main fabric development occurred at 446 ± 2 Ma. U–Pb (SHRIMP) dating of titanite from blueschists in the Governor Fault Zone indicates that metamorphism occurred at approximately 450 Ma, close to the time of mélange formation. Previously published, Ar/Ar dating of white mica from phyllite and biotite from metadiorite in the Heathcote Fault Zone suggest that blueschist metamorphism occurred at a similar time. These ages are supported by field relationships. Illite crystallinity and b₀ data from white mica, and the preservation of blueschist blocks indicate that these fault zones maintained low temperatures both during and after intermediate‐ to high‐pressure metamorphism. Occurrences of blueschists in the Arthur Lineament of the Tyennan (Delamerian) Orogen in Tasmania, and in the New England Orogen, have different ages, and in conjunction with the occurrences described here, suggest that subduction‐accretion processes contributed significantly to the development of the Tasmanides from Cambrian through to Carboniferous times.  相似文献   

Age and significance of the Platypus Tuff Bed,a regional reference horizon in the Upper Permian Moranbah Coal Measures,north Bowen Basin   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

P. Michaelsen  R. A. Henderson  P. J. Crosdale  C. M. Fanning 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(2):183-192

The Platypus Tuff Bed in the Permian Moranbah Coal Measures provides a basin‐wide marker horizon traceable for over 300 km along strike. The bed is a tephra event unit, the product of a large‐scale volcanic eruptive episode involving a pyroclastic volume > 10 km³. The relatively even thickness (～1–1.5 m) of the tuff across the entire northern Bowen Basin (～10 000 km²) implies a distant source. The tuff is ash‐rich and its original geochemistry has been compromised by diagenetic alteration. Crystal content (10–15%) is dominated by quartz, suggesting a rhyolitic association. SHRIMP U–Pb analysis of zircons indicates an age of 258.9 ± 2.7 Ma for the Platypus Tuff Bed, confirming the Late Permian age that has generally been assigned to the Blackwater Group. The age framework now apparent for the coal‐bearing Blackwater Group suggests an average depositional rate ranging from ～133 m/10⁶ years for its eastern depocentre in the northern Bowen Basin to ～70 m/10⁶ years in more marginal settings to the west.  相似文献   

Structural history of the Greenvale Province,north Queensland: Early Palaeozoic extension and convergence on the Pacific margin of Gondwana*     

C. L. Fergusson  R. A. Henderson  I. W. Withnall  C. M. Fanning 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(4):573-595

The southeastern Georgetown Inlier (Greenvale Province) consists of Early Palaeozoic metamorphic rocks in fault contact along the Lynd Mylonite Zone with the Palaeoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic craton of northeastern Australia. It has a central assemblage of metamorphosed silicic volcanic and sedimentary rocks considered equivalent to the Late Cambrian to Early Ordovician Seventy Mile Range Group that developed in an extensional backarc in the Charters Towers Province to the southeast. In the western part of the Greenvale Province, the Oasis Metamorphics have a U – Pb zircon SHRIMP metamorphic age of 476 ± 5 Ma and are intruded by the granodioritic Lynwater Complex with U – Pb zircon ages of 486 ± 5 Ma and 477 ± 6 Ma. These ages are consistent with these rocks forming basement and intrusive equivalents to the extensional volcanic basin. Existing geochronological constraints on the Halls Reward domain, located at the eastern margin of the province, are consistent with it being basement to the extensional basin. Several domains are recognised in the Greenvale Province with either dominantly steep or low to moderate dips of the main foliation, and each experienced multiple deformation with locally up to four overprinting structural phases. Steepening of foliation in several of the domains is attributed to contractional deformation in the Early Silurian that is inferred to have overprinted low-angle foliation developed during extensional tectonics in the backarc setting. Contractional deformation related to the Early Silurian Benambran Orogeny is considered responsible for multiple deformation in the Greenvale Province and reactivation of domain-bounding faults.  相似文献   

The surface archaeological record in arid Australia: Geomorphic controls on preservation,exposure, and visibility     

Patricia C. Fanning  Simon J. Holdaway  Ed J. Rhodes  Tessa G. Bryant 《Geoarchaeology》2009,24(2):121-146

The conventional approach to assessing the archaeological record in most parts of the world involves a combination of excavation of stratified deposits and extensive survey of surface deposits. Although widely applied in Australia, in both research‐based and management archaeology, the method does not conform well to the nature of the surface archaeological record here. Over much of semi‐arid and arid Australia, archaeological “sites” are, in fact, accretion phenomena that are not easily interpreted as the outcome of short‐term behavioral events. Using results from twelve years of geoarchaeological research in western New South Wales, we demonstrate that there is considerable variability in landsurface age, and hence the “availability” of archaeological surfaces, over relatively short distances. Therefore, it cannot be assumed that stone artifact deposits, for example, that appear to be similar in character are of similar age. Data are also presented that demonstrate that the presence of artifacts on the surface, their apparent absence in sediments buried beneath the surface, and the apparent recent ubiquity of the archaeological record are all a function of geomorphic processes that, at the same time, expose some artifact deposits at the surface and erode and bury others amid large volumes of sediment. Interpreting the surface artifact record within a spatial and temporal geomorphic framework is crucial to understanding the past human behavior that the artifact deposits represent. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   

Nutrient availability in support of Karenia brevis blooms on the central West Florida Shelf: What keeps Karenia blooming?     

Gabriel A. Vargo  Cynthia A. Heil  Kent A. Fanning  L. Kellie Dixon  Merrie Beth Neely  Kristen Lester  Danylle Ault  Susan Murasko  Julie Havens  John Walsh  Steven Bell 《Continental Shelf Research》2008

Identifying nutrient sources, primarily nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), sufficient to support high biomass blooms of the red tide dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis, has remained problematic. The West Florida Shelf is oligotrophic, yet populations >10⁶ cells L⁻¹ frequently occur and blooms can persist for months. Here we examine the magnitude and variety of sources for N and P that are available to support blooms. Annual average in situ or background concentrations of inorganic N in the region where blooms occur range 0.02–0.2 μM while inorganic P ranges 0.025–0.24 μM. Such concentrations would be sufficient to support the growth of populations up to ∼3×10⁴ cells L⁻¹ with at least a 1 d turnover rate. Organic N concentrations average 1–2 orders of magnitude greater than inorganic N, 8–14 μM while organic P concentrations average 0.2–0.5 μM. Concentrations of organic N are sufficient to support blooms >10⁵ cells L⁻¹ but the extent to which this complex mixture of N species is utilizable is unknown. Other sources of nutrients included in our analysis are aerial deposition, estuarine flux, benthic flux, zooplankton excretion, N₂-fixation, and subsequent release of organic and inorganic N by Trichodesmium spp., and release of N and P from dead and decaying fish killed by the blooms. Inputs based on atmospheric deposition, benthic flux, and N₂-fixation, were minor contributors to the flux required to support growth of populations >2.6×10⁴ cells L⁻¹. N and P from decaying fish could theoretically maintain populations at moderate concentrations but insufficient data on the flux and subsequent mixing rates does not allow us to calculate average values. Zooplankton excretion rates, based on measured zooplankton population estimates and excretion rates could also supply all of the N and P required to support populations of 10⁵ and 10⁶ cells L⁻¹, respectively, but excretion is considered as “regenerated” nutrient input and can only maintain biomass rather than contribute to “new” biomass. The combined estuarine flux from Tampa Bay, Charlotte Harbor, and the Caloosahatchee River can supply a varying, but at times significant level of N and P to meet growth and photosynthesis requirements for populations of approximately 10⁵ cells L⁻¹ or below. Estimates of remineralization of dead fish could supply a significant proportion of bloom maintenance requirements but the rate of supply must still be determined. Overall, a combination of sources is required to maintain populations >10⁶ cells L⁻¹.  相似文献