A visco‐damage model for brittle materials under monotonic and sustained stresses     

Enrico Papa  Alberto Taliercio 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2005,29(3):287-310

A theoretical model is proposed to describe the evolution of damage in brittle materials, such as concrete and masonry, subjected to increasing or sustained stresses of relatively high intensity. The model is based on the introduction of suitable damage variables in a rheological model. In this way, it is possible to describe the material behaviour under stresses either increasing or constant in time. The capabilities of the model in describing the mechanical response of material elements subjected to different stress histories are illustrated. Some correlations with experimental data from tests performed on masonry and concrete specimens are presented, to assess the reliability of the theoretical predictions. The results of some numerical applications to non‐proportional stress paths are also illustrated. Finally, the limitations of the proposal are discussed and possible further improvements are envisaged. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Overland flow generation on hillslopes of complex topography: analytical solutions     

Carmelo Agnese  Giorgio Baiamonte  Cecilia Corrao 《水文研究》2007,21(10):1308-1317

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Extinction techniques and impact on dust property determination     

D. Froebrich  C. del Burgo 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,369(4):1901-1910

The near-infrared (NIR) extinction power-law index (β) and its uncertainty is derived from three different techniques based on star counts, colour excess and a combination of them. We have applied these methods to Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) data to determine maps of β and NIR extinction of the small cloud IC 1396 W. The combination of star counts and colour excess results in the most reliable method to determine β. It is found that the use of the correct β map to transform colour excess values into extinction is fundamental for column density profile analysis of clouds. We describe how artificial photometric data, based on the model of stellar population synthesis of the Galaxy, can be used to estimate uncertainties and derive systematic effects of the extinction methods presented here. We find that all colour excess based extinction determination methods are subject to small but systematic offsets, which do not affect the star counting technique. These offsets occur since stars seen through a cloud do not represent the same population as stars in an extinction-free control field.  相似文献   

Reinterpretation of the Ordovician rotations in NW Argentina and Northern Chile: a consequence of the Precordillera collision?     

Cecilia M. Spagnuolo  Augusto E. Rapalini  Ricardo A. Astini 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2011,100(2-3):603-618

Early Paleozoic paleomagnetic data from NW Argentina and Northern Chile have shown large systematic rotations within two domains: one composed of the Western Puna that yields very large (up to 80°) counter-clockwise rotations, and the other formed by the Famatina Ranges and the Eastern Puna that shows (~40°) clockwise rotations around vertical axes. In several locations, lack of significant rotations in younger rocks constrains this kinematic pattern to have occurred during the Paleozoic. Previous tectonic models have explained these rotations as indicative of rigid-body rotations of large para-autochthonous crustal blocks or terranes. A different but simple tectonic model that accounts for this pattern is presented in which rotations are associated to crustal shortening and tectonic escape due to the collision of the allochthonous terrane of Precordillera in the Late Ordovician. This collision should have generated dextral shear zones in the back arc region of the convergent SW Gondwana margin, where systematic domino-like clockwise rotations of small crustal blocks accommodate crustal shortening. The Western Puna block, bordering the Precordillera terrane to the north, might have rotated counterclockwise as an independent microplate due to tectonic escape processes, in a fashion similar to the present-day relationship between the Anatolia block and the Arabian microplate.  相似文献   

Closed universe and the first Doppler peak of the cosmic microwave background spectrum     

Sergio del Campo 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2003,339(1):235-242

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Eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) in marine environmental monitoring     

Hedman JE  Rüdel H  Gercken J  Bergek S  Strand J  Quack M  Appelberg M  Förlin L  Tuvikene A  Bignert A 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(10):2015-2029

The implementation of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive necessitates the development of common criteria and methodological standards for marine environmental monitoring and assessment across Europe. Eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) is proposed as a key indicator organism in the Baltic and North Sea regions. This benthic fish species is widely used in ecotoxicological studies and as a bioindicator of local pollution due to its stationary behavior. Eelpout is included in the environmental monitoring program of several Baltic States, covering both chemical and biological effects measurements, and samples have been archived in environmental specimen banks for >15 years. A method for evaluating the frequency of larval aberrations has been suggested as a standardized assessment tool. The large scientific knowledge-base and considerable experience of long-term chemical and biological effects monitoring and specimen banking, make eelpout a suitable species for the assessment of Good Environmental Status in the Baltic and North Seas.  相似文献   

Do seasonal changes in habitat features influence aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages in perennial versus temporary Mediterranean streams?     

Eduardo M. García-Roger  M. del Mar Sánchez-Montoya  Rosa Gómez  M. Luisa Suárez  M. Rosario Vidal-Abarca  Jérôme Latron  Maria Rieradevall  Narcís Prat 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2011,73(4):567-579

In this study we examined the importance of seasonal changes in habitat features and aquatic macroinvertebrate responses in temporary and perennial streams from two different catchments in the Western Mediterranean region in Spain. Macroinvertebrate sampling was spatially intensive to account for the relative frequency of meso- (i.e., riffles and pools) and micro-habitats (i.e., different mineral and organic-based substrata) at each site. Samples were collected at two distinctly different phases of the hydrograph: (1) during the flowing period, when pool-riffle sequences were well-established, and (2) during the dry phase, when only isolated pools were expected to occur in the temporary streams. During the dry season, both a reduction in the available total habitat and in microhabitat diversity in all sites studied was observed. As a result, taxon richness decreased in all streams, but more dramatically at temporary stream sites and particularly so in the infrequently remaining discontinuous riffles. Macroinvertebrate assemblages differed among catchments (i.e., geographical identity) and sites (perennial vs. temporary). Invertebrate differences were also strong within and among meso- and micro-habitats, particularly mineral and organic microhabitat patches, and differences were due to both loss of taxa from some habitats and some taxa exhibiting certain habitat affinities.  相似文献   

The <Emphasis Type="Italic">Campi Flegrei</Emphasis> caldera: historical revision and new data on seismic crises,bradyseisms, the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Monte Nuovo</Emphasis> eruption and ensuing earthquakes (twelfth century 1582 <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">ad</Emphasis>)     

Emanuela Guidoboni  Cecilia Ciuccarelli 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2011,73(6):655-677

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Exploring fault rocks at the nanoscale     

Cecilia Viti 《Journal of Structural Geology》2011,33(12):1715-1727

This paper aims to demonstrate the potential role of micro/nanoscale investigations in the study of fault rocks, given that a multiscale and multidisciplinary approach linking structural geology, petrology and mineralogy from the outcrop to the unit-cell scale is essential to the comprehensive characterization of geological materials. To explore fault rocks at the sub-micrometer scale, a fundamental contribution is provided by the Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), which offers a real-time combination of high-resolution images, diffraction patterns, and chemical data for extremely small volumes, providing accurate mineralogical and nanostructural determinations.This paper focuses on a few selected examples, that are particularly appropriate for TEM investigation, in particular: 1) grain-size determinations on ultrafine-grained fault rocks; 2) detection and characterization of poorly crystalline minerals (e.g., clays) and amorphous phases within fault rocks; 3) identification of deformation-induced mineral reactions occurring within fault zones (e.g., dolomite decarbonation and serpentine dehydration); and 4) observations of recurrent deformation nanotextures in phyllosilicates. TEM investigation can provide an unexpected amount of data, much of which cannot be obtained by conventional techniques, and it can therefore significantly contribute to an understanding of the physico-chemical conditions for faulting and fault mechanics.  相似文献   

Evaluation of Lateral Interpretation Criteria for Drilled Shaft Capacity in Gravels     

Maria Cecilia M. Marcos  Yit-Jin Chen 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2013,31(5):1411-1420

Representative interpretation criteria are examined in detail to evaluate the lateral response of drilled shaft foundations in gravels. A database of field lateral load tests is used for the analysis. The representative criteria are subdivided into absolute displacement, displacement as a function of shaft diameter, rotation limit, mathematical model, and graphical construction method. Comparison of these criteria shows that the initial elastic region ends at approximately 3–5 mm, 0.50 %B, and 0.08° rotation, which represent the serviceability limit state. The final region begins at about 25 mm, 2.5 %B, and 0.33° rotation, which represent the ultimate limit state. The graphical construction methods, Q_L and Q_S&W, are located within the transition region of the curve. Among these criteria, the displacement limits, Q_L, and Q_S&W methods demonstrate more reliable results. The typical load–displacement curves for lateral capacity in gravels are developed for engineering practical use. Further, recommendations for the use of these interpretation criteria are also given.  相似文献