Moisture transport from the Atlantic to the Pacific basin and its response to North Atlantic cooling and global warming     

Ingo Richter  Shang-Ping Xie 《Climate Dynamics》2010,35(2-3):551-566

Atmospheric moisture transport from the Atlantic to the Pacific basin plays an important role in regulating North Atlantic salinity and thus the strength of the thermohaline circulation. Potential changes in the strength of this moisture transport are investigated for two different climate-change scenarios: North Atlantic cooling representative of Heinrich events, and increased greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing. The effect of North Atlantic cooling is studied using a coupled regional model with comparatively high resolution that successfully simulates Central American gap winds and other important aspects of the region. Cooler North Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) in this model leads to a regional decrease of atmospheric moisture but also to an increase in wind speed across Central America via an anomalous pressure gradient. The latter effect dominates, resulting in a 0.13 Sv (1 Sv = 10⁶ m³ s^?1) increase in overall moisture transport to the Pacific basin. In fresh water forcing simulations with four different general circulation models, the wind speed effect is also present but not strong enough to completely offset the effect of moisture decrease except in one model. The influence of GHG forcing is studied using simulations from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change archive. In these simulations atmospheric moisture increases globally, resulting in an increase of moisture transport by 0.25 Sv from the Atlantic to Pacific. Thus, in both scenarios, moisture transport changes act to stabilize the thermohaline circulation. The notion that the Andes effectively block moisture transport from the Atlantic to the Pacific basin is not supported by the simulations and atmospheric reanalyses examined here. This indicates that such a blocking effect does not exist or else that higher resolution is needed to adequately represent the steep orography of the Andes.  相似文献   

Warming and drying trends on the Tibetan Plateau (1971–2005)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Hong Xie  Jiansheng Ye  Xiuming Liu  Chongyi E 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2010,101(3-4):241-253

Annual and seasonal trends in maximum and minimum temperatures, precipitation and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) were examined with the goal of understanding trends in temperature and moisture across the Tibetan Plateau, using meteorological data (1971–2005) collected at 63 stations. Trends in pan evaporation (PE; 1971–2001, 68 stations) and runoff (1971–2002) in the headwater of the Yellow River were also analysed. Positive trends in maximum and minimum temperatures were observed across the Tibetan Plateau. The highest increases were observed during winter, with results from the majority of stations statistically significant at the 95% level. A decrease trend in diurnal temperature range (DTR) was also observed. Trends in annual and seasonal precipitation and VPD were positive, while the trend in PE was negative. However, the increase in precipitation was not as pronounced as the increase in temperature. Although PE decreased during the time series, actual evaporation probably increased because of the warming across the Tibetan Plateau, where the annual potential water loss measured as PE is three to four times the annual water supply by precipitation. Warming was expected to increase evapotranspiration, causing more water vapour to escape into the atmosphere, thus counteracting or even exceeding the slight increase in precipitation. The increases in annual and seasonal VPD trends indicated a drying tendency and were further substantiated by the observed decrease in runoff in the headwater catchment of the Yellow River. The results provided insight into recent climatic changes across the Tibetan Plateau.  相似文献   

Chemical character of precipitation and related particles and trace gases in the North and South of China     

Mingqun Huo  Qian Sun  Yuhua Bai  Peng Xie  Zhaorong Liu  Jinlong Li  Xuesong Wang  Sihua Lu 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2010,67(1):29-43

Rainwater samples were collected at four sites, including Beijing and Mazhuang Town in the north of China, Shenzhen and Mangdang Mountain in the south of China. Character of atmospheric particles and gases were also measured at Mazhuang Town and Mangdang Mountain. Both of Beijing and Shenzhen are urban sites; Mazhuang Town and Mangdang Mountain are rural and remote sites respectively. The atmospheric pollution at rural plain site in the north of China was more serious than that at remote mountain site in the south of China. At Beijing, Mazhuang Town, Shenzhen and Mangdang Mountain the average pH values in rainwater were 6.02, 5.97, 4.72 and 4.81, respectively and the concentrations of total ions in rainwater were 1454, 1125, 187 and 191 μeq/l, respectively. While the acidity of the rain was higher in the south than that in the north, the rainwater in the north of China was more severely polluted than that in the south. The major acidic ion in the rainwater is SO₄^2-, and NH₄⁺ is the most important neutralizing ion in rainwater at the four sites, followed by Ca²⁺. The amounts of organic acid in precipitation were compared with other sites in the world. The ratios of organic acid to total free acid in rainwater at Mangdang Mountain was 13.8% and the influence of organic acid on acidity of rainwater at mountain site in the south of China is more important. The variation of atmospheric particles, gases and components in rainwater and cloud-fog water during special rain and cloud-fog events was discussed. The importance of washout process varied with atmospheric species. The impacts of rainfall, rain duration time and wind speed on wash-out process were estimated by regression analysis.  相似文献   

A study on one‐dimensional consolidation of layered structured soils          下载免费PDF全文

Kang‐He Xie  Chang‐Qing Xia  Ran An  Hong‐Wei Ying  Hao Wu 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2016,40(7):1081-1098

The governing equations for one‐dimensional consolidation of layered structured soils under time‐dependent loading are established. Using simplified k‐σ′ and m_v‐σ′ models, n‐layered structured soils are transformed into (n + 1) or (n + 2)‐layered soils in which the thickness of upper and lower layers are gradually changing. The approximate solutions for the governing equations are then obtained under two types of boundary conditions, and the computer program is developed. Based on the solutions and computer program, the consolidation behavior of layered structured soils with soft interlayer is studied. It is shown that the permeability and compressibility of the soft interlayer have the greatest influences on the rate of settlement and rate of the dissipation of excess pore water pressure. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A range-dependent echo-association algorithm and its application insplit-beam sonar tracking of migratory salmon in the Fraser Riverwatershed     

Xie  Y. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2000,25(3):387-398

Fish sonars have long been used to survey and monitor migratory salmon in rivers and at sea. However, research has been lacking in the development of algorithms to extract fish tracks from data collected in a riverine or oceanic environment. Current fish trackers, based on a pulse-to-pulse tracking method, only work well under ideal conditions when targets are well separated and the signal-to-noise ratio is high. Fisheries biologists often have to identify fish traces visually from raw echograms. This approach is both labor-intensive and time-consuming, limiting the usefulness of hydroacoustic techniques for fisheries management. This paper presents a fish-tracking algorithm which sorts randomly distributed echoes into coherent fish traces. Fish counts obtained with the algorithm compare well with visual counts at two quite different sites in the Fraser River watershed. The key features of the algorithm are: (1) the linking mechanisms among sequential fish echoes are range-dependent; (2) the growth echo for a developing track depends not only on its space-time relation with the previous track echo (the pulse-to-pulse statistics) but also on its relation to the entire track being constructed; (3) there are a total of only five echo-association criteria in the algorithm; (4) the simplicity of the algorithm structure provides a convenient platform for implementing specific and sophisticated tracking criteria to meet specific needs; and (5) the user can fully control the performance of the algorithm by choosing values for the 11 well-defined tracking parameters  相似文献   

超压释放及其对油气运移和聚集的意义   总被引：22，自引：5，他引：22  

刘晓峰  解习农 《地质科技情报》2001,20(4):51-56

从增压作用和减压作用相互关系的角度，探讨了超压释放的定义－超压趋向于静水压力降低的作用，根据超压释放的结果，超压释放可分为不完全释压和完全释压，依突破压力封闭的动力，超压释放可分为主动释压和被动释压。有两类不同的成因的超压释放通道，分别是自振通道和它拓普通，超压释放的主要机制有断裂活动，水力压裂，底辟作用，渗透性岩层输导作用，渗透作用，剥蚀作用和人为作用。超压释放提供了油气运移的现实动力，开拓了油气运移的通道，促进了生烃作用，有利于超压系统内的油气成藏，影响油气的分布。超压释放分析为探讨超压与油气的运聚提供了有效的方法。  相似文献   

Changes in lead concentration in Antarctic penguin droppings during the past 3,000 years     

Liguang Sun  Zhonqing Xie 《Environmental Geology》2001,40(10):1205-1208

Anthropogenic lead (Pb) has been found in Antarctic seawater, surface snow and ice-cores. Here, we analyzed a 3,000-year record of lead concentration in lake sediments affected by penguin droppings. We found that lead concentration in penguin droppings has significantly increased during the last 200 years, especially in the last 50 years, as compared to low and stable lead levels prior to the Industrial Revolution. This clearly indicates that global environmental pollution has influenced the Antarctic ecological system. Heavy metal (Pb) may find its way into the food web, bioaccumulate, and be passed along the chain to penguins.  相似文献   

山东省飞机增雨降水区分级预报方法研究          下载免费PDF全文

龚佃利  王以琳  谢考宪 《应用气象学报》2001,12(Z1):139-145

利用1997～2000年春秋季山东主要降水天气系统中尺度客观分析和降水模拟资料，统计分析了与降水密切相关的15个因子，并对因子的稳定性进行检验。用全部入选因子的前5个主成分作为新的预报因子，建立全省25个区域0～6h和0～12h平均降水量的3类判别方程，判别效果较好。以此方法为基础建立的决策系统为增雨作业指挥提供了实用性技术工具。  相似文献   

广东前汛期异常旱涝的大气环流特征     

谢炯光  纪忠萍 《广东气象》2001,(2):10-12

用1957～1999年广东省19个代表站4～6月降水资料和500hPa高度场资料，着重分析和讨论了广东省前汛期异常旱、涝年的同期和前期500hPa合成平均场的主要差异,以及前期关键月、关键区的特点，为广东省前汛期异常旱、涝的预测提供判别依据。  相似文献   

塔里木盆地志留系层序地层特征   总被引：20，自引：7，他引：20  

朱筱敏  王贵文  谢庆宾 《古地理学报》2001,3(2):64-71

通过对塔里木盆地西缘露头、盆内钻井、测井和地震资料以及大量室内分析化验资料的层序地层综合分析，可将志留系划分成五个三级层序，志留系沉积层序厚度40--155m。层序界面多为分布范围较广的区域性或局部不整合。层序叠置样式可用具陆棚坡折的I型层序地层样式来描述。每个沉积层序可由完整的低位、海侵和高位体系域组成或由其中的一个、两个体系域组成。体系域边界主要依据滨岸上超点位置、岩性组合及准层序叠置样式变化来确定。低位体系域由向上粒度变细、砂岩厚度向上减薄的准层序组成；海侵体系域表现为向上泥岩厚度加大、砂岩厚度减薄的叠置特点；高位体系域表现为加积--进积沉积特征。志留纪，研究区接受了滨外陆棚及滨岸、海湾潮坪沉积，发育典型的海相沉积构造，表现出明显的旋回特征。  相似文献