Buchbesprechungen     

W. Mörikofer  F. Steinhauser  H. Israël 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1949,1(3-4):451-464

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

Buchbesprechungen     

F. Steinhauser  M. Bouët  H. Reuter 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1948,1(2):270-272

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

La Dyssymétrie des Régimes Pluviaux au Nord et au sud des Alpes Suisses     

Prof. Dr. Max Bouët 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1951,19(1-2):47-51

Résumé L'indice de similitude calculé entre une station alpine, Sion en Valais, et quelques localités situées de part et d'autre des Alpes met en évidence la dissemblance des régimes pluviaux des deux versants. Au Nord, les indices quasi normaux reflètent la distribution homogène des pluies en plages de grandes dimensions; au Sud, les indices trop faibles trahissent l'irrégularité des zones pluvieuses et leur dispersion géographique. La Valais appartient à la région nord.

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Summary The index of similarity calculated between one alpine locality, Sion in Wallis, and some other places situated on each side of the Alps shows the dissimilarity of the rain systems of both sides. In North, the nearly normal indices reflect the homogeneous distribution of rain in large areas; in South, too small indices betray the irregularity of rain zones and their geographic dispersion. Wallis belongs to the north region.

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La fréquence des orages dans les Alpes de la Suisse Occidentale     

Max Bouët Dr. ès Sc. 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1953,25(1):135-140

Résumé Des observations inédites permettent d'établir un nouveau profil des fréquences orageuses dans les Alpes occidentales de la Suisse. Le nombre de jours d'orage, notablement plus élevé qu'on ne l'admettait jusqu'ici, décroit de l'extérieur vers l'intérieur du massif alpin et jusque dans sa chaine la plus méridionale. Quelques données numériques documentent la variation diurne et annuelle de l'activité orageuse en Valais.

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Summary Unpublished observations allow the etablishment of a new cross section of the thunderstorm frequency in the western Alps of Switzerland. The number of thunderstorm days is much more frequent than has yet been admitted, diminishing from the outer towards the inner region of the alpine massive as far as the extreme southern chain. Some statistics record the diurnal and annual variations of the activity of thunderstorms in Valais.

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Studien über das atmosphärische Potentialgefälle VI: Beispiele für das Verhalten luftelektrischer Elemente bei Nebel     

H. Israël  H. W. Kasemir 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1952,5(1):71-85

Zusammenfassung Die luftelektrische Arbeit gliedert sich heute in zwei Hauptarbeitsrichtungen, von denen sich die eine mit den weltweiten, die andere mit den örtlich-meteorologischen Einflüssen auf die Gestaltung der luftelektrischen Verhältnisse beschäftigt. Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt als ein Problem aus der zuletzt genannten Arbeitsrichtung den Einfluß von Nebel auf die luftelektrischen Elemente. Aus einer größeren Anzahl von Registrierungen des Luftelektrischen Feldes und des Vertikalstromes bei Nebel an zwei Flachlandstationen (Buchau, Uppsala) und zwei hochgebirgsstationen (Jungfraujoch, Sonnblick) lassen sich Gesetzmäßigkeiten ermitteln, wobei im Verhalten der luftelektrischen Elemente bei Nebel mehrere charakteristische Reaktionstypen zu unterscheiden sind. Die verschiedenen Typen werden im einzelnen besprochen und ihr Zustandekommen — soweit möglich auch theoretisch — erklärt. Besonderes Interesse verdient das theoretisch erwartete und experimentell bestätigte Verhalten der luftelektrischen Elemente Feld und Strom in ausgedehnten flachen nebelschichten der Ebene und im Cumulus-Inneren der von Wolken eingehüllten Berggipfel: Während in der Ebene vor allem das luftelektrische Feld reagiert (ansteigt) und der Vertikalstrom praktisch unverändert bleibt, ist im Cumulus-Inneren das Feld praktisch unverändert und der Strom stark verkleinert. Bei beiden Möglichkeiten ergibt sich übereinstimmend, daß die Leitfähigkeit im Nebelinneren auf etwa 1/3 ihres in nebelfreier Luft geltenden Wertes sinkt.

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Summary The work on atmospheric electricity to-day can be divided in two main areas of activities, one occupied with world-wide, the other with local meteorological influences on the formation of atmospheric electrical conditions. In this paper the influence of fog on atmospheric electrical elements is treated as a problem pertaining to the latter of the above mentioned activities. From a large number of records of the potential gradient and the air-earth-current at times of fog at two low country stations (Buchau and Uppsala) and two high mountain stations (Jungfraujoch and Sonnblick) relations can be found where several charateristical types of reaction are to distinguish. The different types are discussed here in detail and an attempt is made to explain their origin, as far as possible also theoretically. Special attention is given to the theoretically expected and experimentally confirmed behaviour of the potential gradient and the air-earth-current in vast flat fog layers in the plain and in the cumulus-interior of cloud-covered mountaintops. While in the low country it is predominantly the potential gradient which reacts (increases), since the air-earth-current remains practically unchanged, inside the cumulus the potential gradient remains practically unchanged and the current decreases remarkably.Both possibilities demonstrate that the conductivity inside the fog drops to one third of its value in an atmosphere free from fog.

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Résumé Les recherches d'électricité atmosphérique se poursuivent aujourd'hui dans deux domaines principaux, celui des phénomènes à l'échelle planétaire et celui des effets des conditions météorologiques locales. Le présent article traite un problème de la deuxiéme catégorie, soit l'influence du brouillard sur l'électricité atmosphérique. Se fondant sur l'examen d'un grand nombre d'enregistrements du champ et du courant vertical par brouillard en deux stations de plaine (Buchau et Uppsala) et deux stations de haute montagne (Jungfraujoch et Sonnblick), on peut établir des relations de la nature que voici. On peut distinguer plusieurs types caractéristiques de réaction par brouillard; on expose ceux-ci en détail et on explique leur origine, si possible théoriquement aussi. Le comportement du champ et du courant dans de vastes couches plates de brouillard en plaine et à l'intérieur des cumulus recouvrant des sommets montagneux, tel que la théorie le prévoit et que l'expérience le vérifie, est particulièrement intéressant: tandis qu'en plaine le champ surtout réagit (croît) et que le courant vertical reste pratiquement inchangé, à l'intérieur des cumulus le champ est pratiquement constant et le courant est fortement réduit. Dans les deux cas il s'avère que la conductibilité dans le brouillard tombe à environ un tiers de sa valeur dans l'air sans brouillard.

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Mit 8 Textabbilungen.  相似文献   

The role of porous matrix in water flow regulation within a karst unsaturated zone: an integrated hydrogeophysical approach     

Simon D. Carrière  Konstantinos Chalikakis  Charles Danquigny  Hendrik Davi  Naomi Mazzilli  Chloé Ollivier  Christophe Emblanch 《Hydrogeology Journal》2016,24(7):1905-1918

Some portions of the porous rock matrix in the karst unsaturated zone (UZ) can contain large volumes of water and play a major role in water flow regulation. The essential results are presented of a local-scale study conducted in 2011 and 2012 above the Low Noise Underground Laboratory (LSBB – Laboratoire Souterrain à Bas Bruit) at Rustrel, southeastern France. Previous research revealed the geological structure and water-related features of the study site and illustrated the feasibility of specific hydrogeophysical measurements. In this study, the focus is on hydrodynamics at the seasonal and event timescales. Magnetic resonance sounding (MRS) measured a high water content (more than 10 %) in a large volume of rock. This large volume of water cannot be stored in fractures and conduits within the UZ. MRS was also used to measure the seasonal variation of water stored in the karst UZ. A process-based model was developed to simulate the effect of vegetation on groundwater recharge dynamics. In addition, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) monitoring was used to assess preferential water pathways during a rain event. This study demonstrates the major influence of water flow within the porous rock matrix on the UZ hydrogeological functioning at both the local (LSBB) and regional (Fontaine de Vaucluse) scales. By taking into account the role of the porous matrix in water flow regulation, these findings may significantly improve karst groundwater hydrodynamic modelling, exploitation, and sustainable management.  相似文献   

The Pyrenean inversion phase in northern Belgium: an example of a relaxation inversion?     

Jef Deckers  Noël Vandenberghe  Timothy Lanckacker  Roel De Koninck 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2016,105(2):583-593

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Lateral terrestrial water flow contribution to summer precipitation at continental scale – A comparison between Europe and West Africa with WRF-Hydro-tag ensembles     

Joël Arnault  Benjamin Fersch  Thomas Rummler  Zhenyu Zhang  Gandome Mayeul Quenum  Jianhui Wei  Maximilian Graf  Patrick Laux  Harald Kunstmann 《水文研究》2021,35(5):e14183

It is well accepted that summer precipitation can be altered by soil moisture condition. Coupled land surface – atmospheric models have been routinely used to quantify soil moisture – precipitation feedback processes. However, most of the land surface models (LSMs) assume a vertical soil water transport and neglect lateral terrestrial water flow at the surface and in the subsurface, which potentially reduces the realism of the simulated soil moisture – precipitation feedback. In this study, the contribution of lateral terrestrial water flow to summer precipitation is assessed in two different climatic regions, Europe and West Africa, for the period June–September 2008. A version of the coupled atmospheric-hydrological model WRF-Hydro with an option to tag and trace land surface evaporation in the modelled atmosphere, named WRF-Hydro-tag, is employed. An ensemble of 30 simulations with terrestrial routing and 30 simulations without terrestrial routing is generated with random realizations of turbulent energy with the stochastic kinetic energy backscatter scheme, for both Europe and West Africa. The ensemble size allows to extract random noise from continental-scale averaged modelled precipitation. It is found that lateral terrestrial water flow increases the relative contribution of land surface evaporation to precipitation by 3.6% in Europe and 5.6% in West Africa, which enhances a positive soil moisture – precipitation feedback and generates more uncertainty in modelled precipitation, as diagnosed by a slight increase in normalized ensemble spread. This study demonstrates the small but non-negligible contribution of lateral terrestrial water flow to precipitation at continental scale.  相似文献   

A process framework for coastal zone management in Tanzania     

Kent Gustavson  Zoë Kroeker  Jay Walmsley  Saada Juma 《Ocean & Coastal Management》2009,52(2):78-88

A process framework is described to address socio-economic issues related to coastal zone management, specifically as it applies to the mitigation of impacts due to the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs). Analysis of the existing social environment in Tanzania, including social capital, vulnerable groups and livelihood components, was undertaken to allow for the identification of critical issues and challenges. The developed process framework is a guidance document for decision-makers to incorporate the interests and needs of affected stakeholders. This safeguard commits to a consultative process with clear channels of communication, established grievance procedures, and monitoring and evaluation activities for affected communities.  相似文献   

Speleothem record of the last 180 ka in Villars cave (SW France): Investigation of a large δ18O shift between MIS6 and MIS5     

K. Wainer  D. Genty  D. Blamart  M. Daëron  M. Bar-Matthews  H. Vonhof  Y. Dublyansky  E. Pons-Branchu  L. Thomas  P. van Calsteren  Yves Quinif  N. Caillon 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2011,30(1-2):130-146

The Vil-car-1 flowstone core from Villars cave (SW France) provides one of the first European speleothem records extending back to 180 ka, based on U–Th TIMS and MC-ICP-MS measurements. The core offers a continuous record of Termination II and the Last Interglacial. The penultimate deglaciation is characterized by a prominent 5‰ depletion in calcite δ¹⁸O. Determining which specific environmental factors controlled such a large oxygen isotopic shift offers the opportunity to assess the impact of various factors influencing δ¹⁸O variations in speleothem calcite.Oxygen isotope analyses of fluid inclusions indicate that drip water δ¹⁸O remained within a very narrow range of ±1‰ from Late MIS6 to the MIS5 δ¹⁸O optimum. The possibility of such a stable behaviour is supported by simple calculations of various effects influencing seepage water δ¹⁸O.Although this could suggest that the isotopic shift in calcite is mainly driven by temperature increase, attempts to quantify the temperature shift from Late MIS6 to the MIS5 δ¹⁸O optimum by assuming an equilibrium relationship between calcite and fluid inclusion δ¹⁸O yield unreasonably high estimates of ～20 °C warming and Late MIS6 cave temperatures below 0 °C; this suggests that the flowstone calcite precipitated out of thermodynamic equilibrium at this site.Using a method proposed by Guo et al. (submitted for publication) combining clumped isotope measurements, fluid inclusion and modern calcite δ¹⁸O analyses, it is possible to quantitatively correct for isotopic disequilibrium and estimate absolute paleotemperatures. Although the precision of these absolute temperature reconstructions is limited by analytical uncertainties, the temperature rise between Late MIS6 and the MIS5 optimum can be robustly constrained between 13.2 ± 2.6 and 14.6 ± 2.6 °C (1σ), consistent with existing estimates from Western Europe pollen and sea-surface temperature records.  相似文献