Neo-liberalism, markets and class structures on the Nepali lowlands: The political economy of agrarian change     

Fraser Sugden   《Geoforum》2009,40(4):634-644

In recent years, neo-liberalism has manifested itself in peripheral social formations on an ideological basis through strategies of poverty alleviation. This process is epitomized by Nepal’s donor led agrarian strategy, which constructs farmers as ‘rational entrepreneurs’ responsible for their own welfare. In the process it seeks to encourage smallholders to shift from subsistence to market oriented production. However, over 10 years since the current agrarian strategy was released, there is little evidence of commercialisation and the integration of rural populations into global or domestic markets, while subsistence production remains dominant. To understand this failure, one must examine both the contradictions inherent in neo-liberal ideologies and the rural political economy of Nepal. While the emphasis on self-help through market access can be understood to be an ideological process constitutive of the overdetermined nature of capitalist expansion, contradictions are evident in such ideologies when they are mobilised in regions dominated by non-capitalist economic systems. The depoliticizing assumptions inherent in such ideologies can serve the interests of capitalist expansion through glossing over the associated forms of class exploitation. However, a case study from Nepal’s eastern lowlands demonstrates how they also divert attention from complex non-capitalist modes of surplus appropriation in both the relations of production and circulation. Such forms of exploitation have not only obstructed the process of classical agrarian transition long envisaged in Marxian theory, but have also blocked the emergence of the particular form of rural commodity production envisaged in Nepal’s neo-liberal agrarian strategy itself.  相似文献   

THE WATER-TABLE AQUIFER IN THE EASTERN COASTAL AREA OF BELGIUM     

W. DE BREUCK  G. DE MOOR 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(3):137-155

Abstract

A resistivity survey in Wenner arrangement has been conducted in the water-table aquifer in the eastern part of the Coastal Area of Belgium. Bore holes have been drilled to test the geoelectrical data and also to collect water samples. The chemical characteristics and the distribution of different water types explain the hydrochemistry of the water-table aquifer. The fresh-/brackish-water boundary as determined by the resistivity survey has been expressed in terms of total dissolved-solids content.  相似文献   

The stereochemistry of bound and extractable pentacyclic triterpenoids during closed system pyrolysis     

Mark A Sugden  Geoffrey D Abbott   《Organic Geochemistry》2002,33(12):2

The distributions of hopanoic acids, ranging from C₃₀ to C₃₄, in the Messel oil shale were characterized in both the free and bound states. The bound acids were released by thermochemolysis in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH). These were compared with the distributions of the hopanoic acids and hopanes released or generated from Messel oil shale kerogen following closed system microscale pyrolysis. This comparison revealed that epimerization had occurred at C-17, C-21 and C-22 during heating. It was also clear that the residual bound hopanoic acids had undergone configurational isomerization. During the pyrolysis there is a large loss of hopanoic acids following their rapid release from the kerogen into the free fraction even at 250 °C. In these particular experiments this loss does not appear to result in exclusive formation of hopanes, by way of decarboxylation or reduction reactions, unless the resulting hopanes are either themselves rapidly transformed into other compounds or the reaction rates are a function of the total number of carbon atoms in each hopanoic acid precursor.  相似文献   

高原东部春季降水云层的微物理特征分析   总被引：17，自引：20，他引：17  

李仑格  德力格尔 《高原气象》2001,20(2):191-196

利用人工增雨飞机和机载PMS粒子探测系统，对高原东部地区春季人工增雨主要降水云层的微物理结构进行大量探测研究。根据1995年和1997年共15架次的飞行探测资料，分析研究了高原东部低层大气气溶胶微粒的分布特征及其与大气层结的关系，着重分析了高原东部春季降水云层的云粒子、降水粒子以及冰晶、过冷水的一些初步分布特征。  相似文献   

INTRICATED CROSS-STRATIFICATION DUE TO INTERACTION OF A MEGA RIPPLE WITH ITS LEE-SIDE SYSTEM OF BACKFLOW RIPPLES (UPPER-POINTBAR DEPOSITS, LOWER RHINE)     

J. R. BOERSMA  E. A. VAN DE  MEENE R. C. TJALSMA 《Sedimentology》1968,11(3-4):147-162

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Fluxes and (co-)variances of reacting scalars in the convective boundary layer   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

JEAN-FRANÇOIS VINUESA  JORDI VILÀ-GUERAU DE ARELLANO 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2003,55(4):935-949

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青海省东北部地区春季空中水资源潜力分析   总被引：11，自引：4，他引：11  

德力格尔  黄彦彬  李仑格 《高原气象》2002,21(6):622-627

采用动力气象学原理计算了青海高原东北部春季水汽输送、辐合辐散情况 ,利用微波辐射计观测总水汽含量 (V)、液态水 (L)的情况。经计算 ,青海高原东北部大气水汽状况为输入大于输出 ,且有近 83%的水汽影响该地区后移出青海 ,有较大的潜在水资源 ;从液态水含量情况来看 ,尽管水汽含量比平原地区少 ,但液态水含量却比平原地区偏高。另外还计算了 1997年 3月下旬至 5月上旬的云总凝结水和降水效率 ,大气总凝结水量为 2 84× 10 8t,但实际降水量为 34× 10 \+8t,平均降水效率为 0 .12。如果能提高 1%的降水效率 ,则可增加约 2 .5× 10 8t降水 ,且具有较好的人工增雨潜力。  相似文献   

三维叠前深度偏移速度分析及蒙特卡洛自动层速度拾取   总被引：15，自引：1，他引：15       下载免费PDF全文

陈志德  刘宽  李成斌 《地球物理学报》2002,45(2):246-254

是否能够正确地建立深度域三维速度模型是三维叠前深度偏移成败的关键 .本文根据Deregowski循环 ,利用叠前深度域地震成像对速度模型变化的敏感性 ,采用偏移迭代逐次逼近最佳成像速度 ,研究开发了一套快捷有效的三维叠前深度偏移深度域速度模型建立技术 .借鉴时间域CDP(共深度点 )道集上常规叠加速度分析的策略 ,在深度域CRP(共反射点 )道集上 ,提出剩余慢度平方谱的概念并建立相应的实现技术 .导出深度域中均方根速度与层速度之间的关系 ;按照串级偏移原理确定偏移循环过程中初始速度、剩余速度及修改后速度之间的关系 ;采用蒙特卡洛非线性优化算法实现从剩余慢度平方谱中自动拾取层速度 ,讨论了其地质速度约束条件和蒙特卡洛非线性优化的收敛准则 ,使得所拾取的层速度模型具有合理的地质意义并获得最佳偏移成像效果 .SEG EAGE理论模型数值试算验证了方法的有效性 ,在海拉尔盆地霍多莫尔工区 ,5 8km2 三维资料的速度模型建立并获得满意的三维叠前深度偏移成像 .  相似文献   

Rapport (1966–1976) sun les Eléments en Traces Dans Trois Roches Standards Géochimiques Du CRPG . Basalte BR et Granites, GA et GH     

K. GOVINOARAJU  H. DE LA  ROCHE 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》1977,1(1):67-100

Cinquième de la serie des rapports d'étude coopérative sur les standards géochimiques du CRPG, ce rapport est consacré exclusivement aux éeléments en traces dans trois éahantillons en circulation depuis 1963: les Granites GA et GH et le Basalte BR. La pré-sentation de plus de 2000 données analytiques réporties sur 50 éléments est accompagnée d'une évaluation statistique et critique, échantillon par éahmtillon et élément par élément. La discussion est menée dans le sens d'un dialogue direct avec I'utilisateur en nuançant et en hiérarchieant les valeurs que nous veoamnandons ou proposons. Quant à I'analyste practician, il trouvera une table des valeurs "utilisables" pour une trentaine d'éléments dans les trois échantillons de référence (Table 4). Rappelons que ces échantillons sont déjà bien caractérises en ce qui concerne leurs constituants majeurs et mineurs, grâce aux quatre rapports d'étude coopérative dont le dernier est paru en 1370.  相似文献   

The Occurrence of Garnet in the Granulite-Facies Terrane of the Adirondack Highlands   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

DE WAARD  D. 《Journal of Petrology》1965,6(1):165-191

Based on the presence or absence of almandine in charnockiticand metabasic rocks, Buddington (1963) recognized two garnetisograds in the northwestern Adirondacks which were inferredto represent a general increase in grade of regional metamorphismfrom northwest to southeast and east. ACF plots of analyzed Adirondack rocks demonstrate that thepresence or absence of garnet is primarily controlled by thebulk chemistry of the rocks. In metabasites, garnet forms partof the type assemblage of the almandine-amphibolite facies inwhich it developed. The assemblage becomes unstable in the granulitefacies where quartz is present. Garnet does not occur in themore calcic metabasites. In charnockites, garnet develops concomitantlywith orthopyroxene in the aluminous varieties of this rock typeand not in the calcic varieties. The two may occur intimatelyinterlayered. The present definition of the granulite facies, however, doesnot cover clinopyroxene-almandine-bearing assemblages reportedin rocks of diverse composition from the proximity of anorthositemassifs. Reaction rims prove that within the granulite faciesa reaction occurs in rocks with excess silica by which the typomorphicorthopyroxene-plagioclase association is replaced by the higherdensity clinopyroxene-almandine-quartz association. To accommodate this assemblage a fourfold subdvision of thegranulite facies is proposed. Four subfacies are obtained bytwo intersecting boundaries: (1) PH₂O-T controlled dehydrationreactions separating pyroxene-granulite from hornblende-granulitesubfacies, and (2) the anhydrous, P_load-T controlled reactionwhich separates subfacies with orthopyroxene-plagioclase assemblagesfrom those with clinopyroxene-almandine assemblages.  相似文献