地幔喷流柱的物理和化学性质   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

德保.  DJ  张新安 《国土资源信息化》1992,(8):33-37

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Carbon isotopic fractionation in lipids from methanotrophic bacteria II: the effects of physiology and environmental parameters on the biosynthesis and isotopic signatures of biomarkers     

Jahnke LL  Summons RE  Hope JM  Des Marais DJ 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1999,63(1):79-93

Controls on the carbon isotopic signatures of methanotroph biomarkers have been further explored using cultured organisms. Growth under conditions which select for the membrane-bound particulate form of the methane monooxygenase enzyme (pMMO) leads to a significantly higher isotopic fractionation than does growth based on the soluble isozyme in both RuMP and serine pathway methanotrophs; in an RuMP type the delta delta 13Cbiomass equaled -23.9% for pMMO and -12.6% for sMMO. The distribution of biomarker lipids does not appear to be significantly affected by the dominance of one or the other MMO type and their isotopic compositions generally track those of the parent biomass. The 13C fractionation behaviour of serine pathway methanotrophs is very complex, reflecting the assimilation of both methane and carbon dioxide and concomitant dissimilation of methane-derived carbon. A limitation in CH4 availability leads to the production of biomass which is 13C-enriched with respect to both carbon substrates and this occurs irrespective of MMO type. This startling result indicates that there must be an additional fractionation step downstream from the MMO reaction which leads to incorporation of 13C-enriched carbon at the expense of dissimilation of 13C-depleted CO2. In these organisms, polyisoprenoid lipids are 13C-enriched compared to polymethylenic lipid which is the reverse of that found in the RuMP types. Serine cycle hopanoids, for example, can vary anywhere from 12% depleted to 10% enriched with respect to the CH4 substrate depending on its concentration. Decrease in growth temperature caused an overall increase in isotopic fractionation. In the total biomass, this effect tended to be masked by physiological factors associated with the type of organism and variation in the bulk composition. The effect was, however, clearly evident when monitoring the 13C signature of total lipid and individual biomarkers. Our results demonstrate that extreme carbon isotopic depletion in field samples and fossil biomarker lipids can be indicative of methanotrophy but the converse is not always true. For example, the hopanoids of a serine cycle methanotroph may be isotopically enriched by more than 10% compared to the substrate methane when the latter is limiting. In other words, hopanoids from some methanotrophs such as M. trichosporium would be indistinguishable from those of cyanobacteria or heterotrophic bacteria on the basis of either chemical structure or carbon isotopic signature.  相似文献   

西秦岭东段印支期花岗质岩浆作用及构造演化：地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素约束     

李雪峰  李永胜  董国臣  吕鑫  夏清 《岩石学报》2021,37(6):1691-1712

西秦岭造山带东段发育大量印支期花岗岩,由北向南贯通整个西秦岭造山带。本文选取西秦岭东段的柴家庄、太白、周家山和迷坝4个花岗质岩体进行岩石学、地球化学、锆石U-Pb定年和Lu-Hf同位素研究。这些花岗质岩体的岩性主体为石英闪长岩-花岗闪长岩-二长花岗岩,属高钾钙碱性系列,形成时代在237～219Ma之间,并显示出两期岩浆活动的特点,早期柴家庄岩体形成于236.6±2.9Ma,晚期的太白、周家山和迷坝岩体形成于220.12～218.9Ma。早期柴家庄二长花岗岩显示出类似埃达克岩的一些地球化学特点,如高含量的Sr(578 × 10~(-6)～661 × 10~(-6))和高的(La/Yb)_N比值(37.44～41.73),低含量的Y(3.48 × 10~(-6)-5.50 × 10~(-6))和Yb(0.3 × 10~(-6)～0.5 × 10~(-6)),以及弱的负Eu异常(δEu=0.85～1);在晚期花岗岩中,迷坝和周家山岩体同样表现高Sr含量(Sr400 × 10~(-6))、低Yb含量(Yb 2 × 10~(-6))的特点,但太白花岗岩则类似于喜马拉雅型花岗岩(Sr 400 ×10-6,Yb 2 ×10~(-6))。锆石Hf同位素组成显示,柴家庄、太白、周家山和迷坝岩体的ε_(Hf)(t)值分别为-5.1～2.2、-4.8～-0.9、-6.0～-2.7和-6.3～-3.9,对应的二阶段模式年龄(t_(DM2))依次为2153～1495Ma、2120～1767Ma、2227～1932Ma、2249～2033Ma,表明西秦岭东段花岗质岩体的源区主要为古元古代-中元古代壳源物质,柴家庄岩体可能有部分新生下地壳物质加入,并且整体表现出结晶基底组成由北向南逐渐变老的趋势。显示埃达克岩特点的花岗岩可能形成于加厚下地壳的部分熔融,而其喜马拉雅型的花岗岩则是正常下地壳部分熔融的产物。三叠纪时期发生的陆陆碰撞导致地壳加厚,加厚下地壳在不同深度发生的部分熔融,形成本区具有埃达克或者喜马拉雅型地球化学特点的花岗质岩体。  相似文献   

青藏高原南部岩脉分布及其研究意义     

赵志丹  唐演  朱弟成  刘栋  王青  董国臣  周肃  莫宣学 《岩石学报》2021,37(11):3399-3412

青藏高原是面积大、海拔高、时代最新的经典碰撞造山带，其演化过程被记录在各类地质作用中，包括各类岩浆作用。岩脉是与其他类型岩浆作用具有相似矿物成分的小规模侵入体，德国人Harry Rosenbusch早在1877年对其开展了系统研究。区域上大规模产出的基性岩墙群经常发育在伸展构造环境，并被认为代表地质历史时期发生的大陆裂解作用，其深部则与地幔柱或者热点存在相关。在青藏高原的羌塘地体、拉萨地体和喜马拉雅造山带发育了不同类型的岩脉或岩墙群。在羌塘地体中部出露面积约为40000km²的早二叠世（约283Ma）基性岩墙群属于大火成岩省（LIP）岩浆作用，与二叠纪中特提斯洋的初始打开有关。在西藏南部的特提斯喜马拉雅带产出的时代约为132Ma的白垩纪措美-班伯里大火成岩省岩浆作用，覆盖面积超过50000km²，其最早的岩浆作用可能代表了特提斯喜马拉雅之下大陆裂解之前孕育克格伦地幔柱头部的相关岩石圈伸展作用，并继续裂解导致了印度与澳洲大陆的裂解分离。本文着重讨论了高原南部的白垩纪以来的岩脉，它们主要发育在拉萨地体南部，蕴含了岩浆作用与构造作用的双重信息。它们具有不同的产状、成分、年龄和成因，对于揭示冈底斯弧演化、印度与亚洲大陆的碰撞过程，以及碰撞导致的高原应力状态变化等都具有重要的意义。高原南部岩脉主要分为三期：（1）时代约为90Ma的岩脉，具有玄武质到中酸性的成分，主要侵位在日喀则白垩纪弧后盆地，例如在南木林县南部出现的基性-酸性双峰式岩浆作用，可能代表了冈底斯岩浆弧之上发育的伸展作用。（2）时代约为50Ma的同碰撞期岩脉，主要侵入到林子宗火山岩、冈底斯岩基或者白垩世设兴组/昂仁组沉积地层等单元中，它们发育时间为60~41Ma，其峰期作用时间与冈底斯岩浆大爆发的时间一致，可能受控于深部俯冲的特提斯洋洋壳的断裂作用。（3）碰撞后中新世岩脉，多具有埃达克质岩石的地球化学性质，与区域上钾质-超钾质火山岩和埃达克质侵入岩的时代一致，它们是高原南部加厚下地壳部分熔融作用的产物，可能受控于下地壳拆沉作用或者与南北向裂谷带密切相关的板片撕裂有关。这些岩脉的延伸方向既有南北向，也有东西向，在构造上可能代表了高原隆升到最大高度后深部拆沉作用导致的山体垮塌伴生的伸展构造有关。  相似文献   

Drought, desiccation and discourse: missionary correspondence and nineteenth-century climate change in central southern Africa   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Endfield GH  Nash DJ 《The Geographical journal》2002,168(1):33-47

This paper examines the role that representatives of the London Missionary Society in central southern Africa during the nineteenth century may have played in the development of geographical debates concerning the long-term desiccation of the African continent. Observations on climate included within missionary documents are used to reconstruct a chronology of intra-decadal climatic variability for the period 1815–1900. This reveals six drought periods and seven wet phases that affected large areas of the region, but identifies no evidence for progressive desiccation. The chronology is then used as a framework within which to view missionary perspectives on drought and desiccation. Major influences upon the development of desiccationist theory appear to include the prevalence of contemporary moral economic explanations of climatic variability, as well as the uptake and acceptance of indigenous understanding of climate change. Significantly, many of the key observations by eminent missionaries used as supporting evidence for progressive desiccation are identified as having been made during periods of severe drought. This is used to suggest that the most widely propagated evidence for desiccation may, therefore, simply be the end-product of periods of short-term drought rather than long-term climatic deterioration.  相似文献   

Correlations between metal uptake in the soft tissue of Perna perna and gill filament pathology after exposure to mercury     

Gregory MA  Marshall DJ  George RC  Anandraj A  McClurg TP 《Marine pollution bulletin》2002,45(1-12):114-125

The accumulation of metal in soft tissues, filtration rate and gill filament morphology are correlated in the southern African rock mussel, Perna perna, during exposure to mercury (24 days) and recovery (24 days). The amount of Hg in soft tissues increased from 0.13 to 87.5 μg/g dry weight after 24 days exposure, and declined to 13 μg/g during recovery. Mean filtration rate fell from 3979 to 1818 ml/h/g dry weight by day 2, but recovered slightly through days 4 and 8 (3037 ml/h/g), with a higher average rate (5030 ml/h/g) being maintained over the 24–48 days recovery period. The initial decline in filtration coincided with epithelial cell deterioration presented as interstitial oedema, neural and epithelial cell degeneration and reduced ciliation. Between days 8 and 24, cilia regenerated and there was a general improvement in cell morphology. Gill filament morphology returned to near normal during the metal-free recovery period. The usefulness of P. perna as an indicator of pollution is discussed.  相似文献   

印度—亚洲大陆主碰撞过程的火山作用响应   总被引：203，自引：7，他引：203  

莫宣学  赵志丹  邓晋福  董国臣  周肃  郭铁鹰  张双全  王亮亮 《地学前缘》2003,10(3):135-148

广泛发育在西藏冈底斯岩浆岩带中的林子宗火山岩及其与下伏地层间的区域性不整合 ,提供了印度—亚洲大陆碰撞 (在西藏南部 )的构造火成岩新证据。岩石学、主元素、微量元素、稀土元素及Nd Sr Pb同位素地球化学研究表明 ,林子宗火山岩早期带有较多陆缘弧火山岩特征 ,中期开始出现标志陆内岩浆活动的钾玄岩 ,晚期更多地显示了加厚陆壳条件下火山岩的特点 ,记录了由新特提斯俯冲消减末期过渡到印度—亚洲大陆碰撞的信息。系统的40 Ar/3 9Ar同位素测年确定林子宗火山岩的年龄区间为 4 0 .84～ 6 4 .4 7Ma ;其底部年龄给出了林子宗火山岩与下伏地层间不整合形成时间的最晚时限 (～ 6 5Ma)。该不整合面上、下之地层在沉积相、变形样式与变形程度上均截然不同 ,反映形成环境的重大变化 ,标志着一次重大的地质事件。根据上述事实 ,结合青藏高原岩浆活动的区域时空分布 ,及西藏南部地层、古生物与沉积研究成果 ,笔者认为印度—亚洲大陆碰撞开始于 6 5Ma左右(K/T界限时间 )。  相似文献   

印度—欧亚大陆碰撞过程中冈底斯带岩浆底侵作用的年代学限定:SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄证据     

董国臣  莫宣学  赵志丹  王亮亮  陈涛 《地质学报》2005,79(6)

在西藏冈底斯岩浆岩带中出露有大量的小型基性侵入岩体,且在花岗质岩体内也断续存在有许多辉长岩体,形成一个沿冈底斯带南缘分布、与雅鲁藏布缝合线平行的辉长岩、辉石岩带。该基性岩带空间上与高强度航磁异常带相对应,延伸1400余千米,主要由辉长岩、角闪辉长岩、角闪石岩以及基性堆晶岩组成。已有证据表明冈底斯辉长岩-辉石岩组合属于幔源岩浆底侵作用产物。本文在拉萨—日喀则一线基性侵入岩体带选择6个典型露头,系统取样进行SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄测定,其中两个样品的测年数据已发表,分别为47.0±1Ma;48.9±1.1Ma,其他4个辉长岩样品的年…  相似文献   

GIS在1：5万区调中的应用浅谈——以榆关镇幅1：5万区调为例     

李承东  董国臣 《广西地质》1997,10(4):87-90,104

文章以榆关镇幅为例，阐述了ＧＩＳ在１：５万区调中的应用问题。物化探遥感资料按地质需求由计算机处理成各种图件，地形图则划分图层并赋予其属性，建立地形资料ＧＩＳ系统；野外工作采用手工记录，室内微机处理的工作方式，野外连图采用手工，而后清绘，通过扫描输入微机。按地质体分布构造等建立图层并用地理编码将其与数据库相连，叠加，编排图层，编制地质图，最终建立１；５万区调ＧＩＳ系统。  相似文献   

电阻率层析数据的噪声和奥克姆反演     

Labr.  DJ 孟庆敏 《物探化探译丛》1993,(A07):23-27

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