陆壳组成与年龄的关系：花岗质岩石中Nd同位素变异所提供的证据     

Depa.  DJ 杨秋剑 《地质地球化学》1990,(3):49-54

  相似文献   

印度大陆与亚洲大陆早期碰撞过程与动力学模型——来自西藏冈底斯新生代火成岩证据   总被引：18，自引：3，他引：18  

侯增谦  莫宣学  高永丰  杨志明  董国臣  丁林 《地质学报》2006,80(9):1233-1248

为了揭示青藏高原的形成演化及其隆升历史,本文主要立足于西藏冈底斯带新生代岩浆岩,研究了印度—亚洲大陆碰撞早期阶段的关键岩石记录、详细碰撞过程和深部动力机制。西藏新生代火山-岩浆活动贯穿于主碰撞造山过程的始终,形成规模巨大的冈底斯火成岩浆岩带,其中,火山活动形成著名的林子宗第三纪火山岩系(64~43Ma),岩浆作用则形成3个时间连续、但组合不同的岩浆序列,即:1壳源花岗岩组合(65~50Ma)、2正εNd花岗岩-辉长岩组合(52~47Ma)和3幔源玄武质次火山岩-辉绿岩组合(53~42Ma)。林子宗第三纪火山岩系形成于印度—亚洲大陆对接碰撞之后(~65Ma),不整合覆盖于中生代褶皱构造层之上,中下部钙碱性—高钾钙碱性火山岩显示岛弧/陆缘弧地球化学特征,主要来自于洋壳板片流体交代的地幔楔形区,上部钾玄岩系火山岩则更多地显示壳源特征。壳源花岗岩主要侵位于冈底斯东段腾冲地区,成因类型为白云母过铝花岗岩和富钾钙碱性花岗岩,其高(87Sr/86Sr)i(>0.710)和低εNd(<-7)同位素组成反映其源于碰撞加厚的砂泥质地壳的深熔作用。正εNd值(+2~+5)花岗岩和辉长岩沿冈底斯带成对侵位,花岗岩具有埃达克岩与弧花岗岩过渡特征,其形成有较多的幔源物质贡献;辉长岩正εNd值特征(+2.5~+7.0)、REE平坦型或弱富集型以及亏损大部分不相容元素(Nb,P,Ti,U,Th,LREE)特征,反映软流圈地幔对岩浆形成产生重要贡献。幔源玄武质次火山岩主要为钙碱性岩系,REE平坦型,低(87Sr/86Sr)i(<0.7060)、高εNd(高达+4.3),同位素组成接近于MORB,证明其来源于亏损的软流圈地幔。根据这些构造-岩浆事件的时空分布、岩石组合特征、岩石地球化学以及岩浆演变序列,提出了一个青藏高原大陆碰撞的四阶段演化模式。这个模式强调了170~60Ma,新特提斯洋板片回转,印度大陆与亚洲大陆发生碰撞(≥65Ma),并导致加厚地壳深熔;260~54Ma,印度大陆板片向北陡深俯冲,下地壳缩短加厚,地壳深熔作用持续;353~41Ma,新特提斯洋板片发生断离,并向下拆沉。软流圈物质透过板片断离窗上涌,诱发地幔楔、上覆加厚的镁铁质下地壳熔融;4陡深俯冲的印度大陆板片因特提斯洋板片断离而发生折返,开始低角度俯冲(<40Ma),导致高原内部的陆内俯冲、走滑剪切与地壳缩短,造成冈底斯岩浆间断(40~26Ma)和拉萨地体初始抬升。因此,在青藏高原碰撞造山过程中,主碰撞期造山(65~41Ma)的动力机制主要是印度大陆板片的陡角度俯冲和特提斯洋板片断离,晚碰撞期造山(40~26Ma)的动力机制主要为印度大陆板片的低角度俯冲。  相似文献   

冈底斯斑岩铜矿与南部青藏高原隆升之关系――来自含矿斑岩中多阶段锆石的证据   总被引：11，自引：5，他引：11  

曲晓明  侯增谦  莫宣学  董国臣  徐文艺  辛洪波 《矿床地质》2006,25(4):388-400

文章通过阴极发光研究结合SHRIMPU_Pb法精确定年,发现青藏高原南部冈底斯斑岩铜矿带含矿斑岩中的锆石由残留、变质、岩浆3种类型组成,其年龄分别为(51.1±4.8)Ma、(21.1±2.6)Ma和(14.47±0.5)Ma。LA_ICP_MS分析表明残留锆石的特点是Y(1121×10-6)、HREE(641×10-6)和MREE(182×10-6)含量高,U(207×10-6)、Th(171×10-6)和Hf(0.96%)含量低。与残留锆石和岩浆锆石相比,变质锆石Th/U比值明显降低(0.54)。在3种类型的锆石中都具有明显的负Eu异常和正Ce异常,但岩浆锆石以Ce异常变化大为特征。冈底斯铜矿带含矿斑岩中识别出的这3个锆石阶段与冈底斯碰撞造山带演化中的3个重要构造事件相对应。作为印度与亚洲大陆碰撞拼贴的主缝合带,这种一致性允许我们提出这样一个构造模式:50～60Ma之前印度与亚洲大陆碰撞期间发生地幔镁铁质岩浆底侵,形成了含矿斑岩的源区;约21Ma前,由于软流圈物质上涌,同时造成了底侵镁铁质岩石部分熔融形成含矿岩浆和地壳快速隆升;约15Ma前,伴随着高原南部地壳隆升后的伸展塌陷,含矿岩浆侵位,形成了冈底斯斑岩铜矿带。  相似文献   

川西义敦岛弧中部图姆沟组流纹岩年代学、地球化学特征及其对岩浆成因的限定          下载免费PDF全文

苏麟  董国臣  谭昌海  彭川  Yanick Blaise Ketchay  董朋生  常泽光 《中国地质》2022,49(5):1673-1686

【研究目的】 义敦岛弧是三江特提斯复合造山带的重要组成部分。区域现有的研究较多集中在弧花岗质侵入岩及其成矿作用上,而对区内流纹岩的研究则相对匮乏。【研究方法】 本文在详细野外填图的基础上,对图姆沟组流纹岩进行岩石学、地球化学和同位素年代学研究。【研究结果】 流纹岩锆石U-Pb成岩年龄216.5 Ma,为晚三叠世。岩石SiO₂含量为73.24%~74.72%,全碱含量为5.26%~6.27%,为钙碱性系列,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、U、K和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti、P和重稀土元素,具典型的岛弧火山岩特征。【结论】 图姆沟组流纹岩是印支期甘孜—理塘洋壳向西俯冲环境下地壳部分熔融的产物。  相似文献   

Small-scale electrical resistivity tomography of wet fractured rocks     

LaBrecque DJ  Sharpe R  Wood T  Heath G 《Ground water》2004,42(1):111-118

This paper describes a series of experiments that tested the ability of the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) method to locate correctly wet and dry fractures in a meso-scale model. The goal was to develop a method of monitoring the flow of water through a fractured rock matrix. The model was a four by six array of limestone blocks equipped with 28 stainless steel electrodes. Dry fractures were created by placing pieces of vinyl between one or more blocks. Wet fractures were created by injecting tap water into a joint between blocks. In electrical terms, the dry fractures are resistive and the wet fractures are conductive. The quantities measured by the ERT system are current and voltage around the outside edge of the model. The raw ERT data were translated to resistivity values inside the model using a three-dimensional Occam's inversion routine. This routine was one of the key components of ERT being tested. The model presented several challenges. First, the resistivity of both the blocks and the joints was highly variable. Second, the resistive targets introduced extreme changes the software could not precisely quantify. Third, the abrupt changes inherent in a fracture system were contrary to the smoothly varying changes expected by the Occam's inversion routine. Fourth, the response of the conductive fractures was small compared to the background variability. In general, ERT was able to locate correctly resistive fractures. Problems occurred, however, when the resistive fracture was near the edges of the model or when multiple fractures were close together. In particular, ERT tended to position the fracture closer to the model center than its true location. Conductive fractures yielded much smaller responses than the resistive case. A difference-inversion method was able to correctly locate these targets.  相似文献   

Effects of rate-limited mass transfer on water sampling with partially penetrating wells     

Cosler DJ 《Ground water》2004,42(2):203-222

Nonequilibrium concentration type curves are numerically developed and sensitivity analyses are performed to examine the relationships between effluent concentrations in partially penetrating monitoring/extraction wells, the vertical plume shape, and the mass transfer characteristics of the aquifer. The governing two-dimensional, axisymmetric nonequilibrium solute transport equation is solved in three stages using an operator-splitting approach. In the first two stages, the advection and dispersion terms are solved with the Eulerian-Lagrangian method, based on the backward method of characteristics for advection and the standard implicit Galerkin finite element method for dispersion. In the third step, the first-order, immobile-mobile domain mass transfer term is computed analytically for both two-site and lognormally distributed, multirate models. Effluent concentration variations with time and contour plots of the pore water concentration distribution in the aquifer are compared for a wide range of field- and laboratory-measured mass transfer rates, various plume shapes, and relevant physical/chemical parameter values, including pumping rate, vertical anisotropy ratio, retardation factor, and porosity. The simulation results show that rate-limited mass transfer can have a significant impact on sample and aquifer pore water concentrations during three-dimensional transport to a partially penetrating well. An alternative dimensionless form of the nonequilibrium solute transport equation is derived to illustrate the key parameter groupings that quantify rate-limited sorption effects and show the relative importance of individual parameters. A hypothetical field application example demonstrates the fitting of dimensional type curves to discrete-interval sampling data in order to evaluate the mass transfer characteristics of an aquifer and shows how type curve superposition can be used to model complex plume shapes.  相似文献   

Palaeoecology, reference conditions and classification of ecological status: the EU Water Framework Directive in practice   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Andersen JH  Conley DJ  Hedal S 《Marine pollution bulletin》2004,49(4):283-290

The European Union's Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires that all Member States within the European Union determine reference conditions for aquatic ecosystems to provide a baseline against which to measure the effects of past and present activities. Reference conditions are subsequently used to classify the ecological status of European waters. The decisions regarding environmental status will be important future elements in the management of European coastal waters. We have developed a number of classification scenarios for total nitrogen (TN) in the overlying waters of the southern part of Roskilde Fjord, Denmark, taking as our basis a palaeoecological reconstruction of fluctuations in TN between 1850 and 1995. We present a provisional classification scheme for the ecological status of Roskilde Fjord, sensu the WFD. Decision(s) regarding the deviation from reference conditions will give a wide range of apparent ecological status from good, through moderate and poor, to bad depending upon the definition of an acceptable deviation from reference conditions. The determination of an acceptable deviation will ultimately be a political decision, and will result in a wide range in the protection of coastal waters in Europe. There is still, however, an urgent need for a sound scientific documentation of the various scenarios for the implementation of the WFD.  相似文献   

Does sedimentary organic delta 13C record variations in quaternary ocean [CO2(aq)]?     

Rau GH  Froelich PN  Takahashi T  Des Marais DJ 《Paleoceanography》1991,6(3):335-347

Ocean surface water [CO2(aq)] variations based on glacial/interglacial changes in sediment delta 13Corg are shown to compare favorably with reconstructions based on ice core [CO2]. In particular, an approximate 80 microatmospheres increase in atmospheric pCO2 during the last glacial-interglacial transition is calculated to correspond to a 3-4 micromolar increase in ocean surface water [CO2(aq)] at atmospheric equilibrium. A widespread marine delta 13Corg decrease of 1-2% accompanied this event and was not preceded by an equivalent isotopic change in surface water total dissolved inorganic carbon. These observations support the hypothesis that [CO2(aq)] influences photosynthetic isotope fractionation between marine inorganic and organic carbon pools, and therefore that plankton/sediment delta 13Corg may serve as a proxy for surface water [CO2(aq)].  相似文献   

Hepatic metallothionein as a biomaker for metal contamination: age effects and seasonal variation in European flounders (Pleuronectes flesus) from the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel     

Rotchell JM  Clarke KR  Newton LC  Bird DJ 《Marine environmental research》2001,52(2):151-171

Hepatic concentrations of metallothionein [MT] and three metals (Cu, Zn, Cd) were determined in 242 European flounders (Pleuronectes flesus) collected from power stations at Oldbury-upon-Severn and Hinkley Point, located in Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel, UK, respectively, between March 1996 and February 1998. A model involving three-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine variation in MT and metal concentrations with respect to season, year and site; with age-class included as a covariate in the analysis. Hepatic concentrations of MT and Cd (and to some degree, Cu, but not Zn) increased significantly with age. The model explained 38, 25, 17 and 26% of the variation in MT, Cu, Zn and Cd, respectively, with significant effects due to season, and to a lesser extent, to year. Site was only a significant factor for Cd which was higher in fish from Hinkley. Correlation between the individual concentration of MT and each metal alone, or in combination, was poor, and explained only an additional 3.0% of the residual variation in MT, most of which was attributable to Cu (2.7%). Compared to other industrialised estuaries, Cd concentrations were high (>20 micro g-1 in some individuals). The study emphasises the importance of seasonal variation and other factors in biomonitoring programmes and highlights the limitations of using [MT] as a biomarker for metal contamination in flounders from the Severn Estuary.  相似文献   

深海锤击取样管     

Smit.  DJ 褚柳宁 《海洋技术学报》1997,16(3):65-71

深海锤击取样管Ｄ·Ｊ·Ｓｍｉｔｈ，Ｋ·Ｔｒｏｎｓｔａｄ１前言锤击取样管在海洋沉积取岩芯中是一种新的设计原理，能在大陆边缘、斜坡以及深海平原沉积区钻取沉积芯样，以满足考古海洋学的要求。取样管可在水深５０００ｍ处获得长达３０ｍ的未扰动岩芯。它使用了类似陆...  相似文献