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121.
Aki Ito Hiroko Sugioka Daisuke Suetsugu Hajime Shiobara Toshihiko Kanazawa Yoshio Fukao 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2012,33(3):229-238
A number of seismoacoustic T-wave events were observed between January 2003 and January 2004 by broadband ocean-bottom seismometers installed on the French Polynesia seafloor at depths of 4,000?C5,000?m, well below the conjugate depth of the SOFAR channel. Using T-wave arrival times, we located 89 T-wave events along the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge. Among these, 63 events were not detected by land-based seismic observations of the United States Geological Survey (USGS), which was nearly twice the number of earthquakes reported by the USGS in the area during the observation period. We used a simple method to estimate earthquake magnitude from T-wave energy. The magnitudes of the events unidentified by the USGS ranged from 2.3 to 5.5, whereas magnitudes of the earthquakes reported by the USGS ranged from 4.1 to 6.2. Our study suggests that T-wave observations with abyssal ocean-bottom seismometers can improve the detection of small earthquakes and help our understanding of the seismotectonics of remote oceanic areas. 相似文献
122.
Kota Katsuki Yasushi Miyamoto Kazuyoshi Yamada Hiroyuki Takata Keiko Yamaguchi Daisuke Nakayama Hugo Coops Hidenobu Kunii Ritsuo Nomura Boo-Keun Khim 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2008,40(4):1115-1125
Lake Nakaumi, southwest Japan, is an enclosed lagoon characterized by polyhaline and halocline conditions. Since the last
century, its ecological state has been altered by eutrophication. We used a paleolimnological approach and studied multiple
proxies, including chemical compounds, diatoms, foraminifera and molluscs, to infer the eutrophication history of the ecosystem.
Eutrophication in Lake Nakaumi was associated with several factors, including increased nutrient loading, input of herbicides,
and dike building since the 1920s. The ecological condition of this lake was divided into several stages that reflect the
eutrophication process after the 1940s. A catastrophic “regime shift” from a clear state with aquatic vegetation to a turbid
one with phytoplankton occurred in the early 1950s. Environmental degradation in the Honjo area, a part of Lake Nakaumi, was
attributed primarily to physical changes caused by the construction of an enclosing dike. Eutrophication occurred almost simultaneously
with the physical changes to the Honjo area in the 1970s. Until recently, no regime shift was observed in this area, though
the core-top sediments show possible symptoms of incipient change. 相似文献
123.
Contributions of slab fluid and sediment melt components to magmatism in the Mariana Arc–Trough system: Evidence from geochemical compositions and Sr,Nd, and noble gas isotope systematics
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Yasuo Ikeda Keisuke Nagao Teruaki Ishii Daisuke Matsumoto Robert J. Stern Hiroo Kagami Makoto Arima Sherman H. Bloomer 《Island Arc》2016,25(4):253-273
This study presents new major and trace element, mineral, and Sr, Nd, and noble gas isotope geochemical analyses of basalts, gabbro, and clinopyroxenite from the Mariana Arc (Central Islands and Southern Seamount provinces) including the forearc, and the Mariana Trough (Central Graben and Spreading Ridge). Mantle source compositions beneath the Mariana Arc and the Mariana Trough indicate a mantle source that is depleted in high field strength elements relative to MORB (mid‐oceanic ridge basalt). Samples from the Mariana Arc, characterized by high ratios of Ba/Th, U/Th, 84Kr/4He and 132Xe/4He, are explained by addition of fluid from the subducted slab to the mantle wedge. Correlations of noble gas data, as well as large ion lithophile elements, indicate that heavy noble gases (Ar, Kr, and Xe) provide evidence for fluid fluxing into the mantle wedge. On the other hand, major elements and Sr, Nd, He, and Ne isotopic data of basalts from the Mariana Trough are geochemically indistinguishable from MORB. Correlations of 3He/4He and 40Ar/36Ar in the Mariana Trough samples are explained by mixing between MORB and atmosphere. One sample from the Central Graben indicates extreme enrichment in 20Ne/22Ne and 21Ne/22Ne, suggesting incorporation of solar‐type Ne in the magma source. Excess 129Xe is also observed in this sample suggesting primordial noble gases in the mantle source. The Mariana Trough basalts indicate that both fluid and sediment components contributed to the basalts, with slab‐derived fluids dominating beneath the Spreading Ridge, and that sediment melts, characterized by high La/Sm and relatively low U/Th and Zr/Nb, dominate in the source region of basalts from the Central Graben. 相似文献
124.
Tuite has been suggested as a potential reservoir for trace elements in the deep mantle,but no evidence confirms this supposition.By using a natural apatite as starting material,the trace-element-bearing tuite large crystals were obtained under highpressure and high-temperature conditions(15 GPa and 1800 K).X-ray diffraction pattern and Micro-Raman spectrum of the run product confirm that tuite was synthesized.The concentrations of trace elements in tuite crystals were analyzed by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS).The rare earth element patterns of tuite show enrichment of light rare earth elements relative to heavy rare earth elements.Tuite shows high concentrations of Th and Sr,and negative anomalies of Rb,Nb,and Hf.The results show that tuite can accommodate a large amount of trace elements.Tuite might be an important host to accommodate trace elements if there is much apatite subducted into the deep mantle. 相似文献
125.
A simple jovian cloud scheme has been developed for the Oxford Planetary Unified model System (OPUS). NH3-ice, NH4SH-solid, H2O-ice and H2O-liquid clouds have been modeled in Southern hemisphere limited area simulations of Jupiter. We found that either three or four of the condensates existed in the model. For a deep atmospheric water abundance close to solar composition, an NH3-ice deck above 0.7 bar, an NH4SH-solid deck above 2.5 bar and a H2O-liquid deck with a base at about 7.5 bar and frozen cloud tops formed. If a depleted deep water abundance is assumed, however, a very compact cloud structure develops, where an H2O-ice cloud forms by direct sublimation above 3 bar. The condensates constitute good tracers of atmospheric motion, and we have confirmed that zonal velocities determined from manual feature tracking in the modeled cloud layers agree reasonably well with the modeled zonal velocities. Dense and elevated clouds form over latitudes with strong atmospheric upwelling and depleted clouds exist over areas with strong downwelling. In the NH3-ice deck this leads to elevated cloud bands over the zones in the domain and thin clouds over the belts, which is consistent with the observationally deduced distribution. Due to changes in the vertical velocity pattern in the deeper atmosphere, the NH4SH-solid and water cloud decks are more uniform. This modeled cloud structure thus includes the possibility of more frequent water cloud observations in belts, as this deeper deck could be more easily detected under areas with thin NH3-ice clouds. Large scale vortices appeared spontaneously in the model and were characterized by elevated NH3-ice clouds, as expected from observations. These eddies leave the most discernible imprint on the lighter condensate particles of the uppermost layer. 相似文献
126.
In this study, we tracked and analyzed the reconstruction process in Bam, Iran, after the city was struck by an earthquake with a M w of 6.6 on December 26, 2003. We adopted three approaches to comprehensively assess the city’s post-earthquake reconstruction and to shed light on the progress and sustainability of disaster recovery projects. We applied the following methodology. First, we obtained official statistics and reports that included quantitative and qualitative evaluations of the reconstruction process to evaluate the overall outcome of the government’s reconstruction projects. Second, we examined photographs taken during field surveys conducted in 2004, 2007, and 2014 to assess changes within the city. Last, we analyzed three satellite images of Bam—the first taken 3 months before the earthquake, the second immediately after the earthquake, and the third 8 years after the earthquake—to assess the progress of reconstruction work and changes in land cover and land use. The results indicated that considerable progress had been made in reconstructing some of the damaged areas. However, progress was relatively slow in severely damaged areas. 相似文献
127.
Travis G. Gerwing Diana J. Hamilton Myriam A. Barbeau Katy Haralampides Gordon Yamazaki 《Estuaries and Coasts》2017,40(3):717-725
The spillway gates of the Petitcodiac Causeway, a hydraulic structure ~35 km upstream of the mouth of the Petitcodiac River in New Brunswick, Canada, were permanently opened in April 2010. The short-term effect opening the spillway gates had on downstream intertidal mudflats of the upper Bay of Fundy was investigated. Specifically, a multivariate before-after-control-impact design was used to determine if opening the spillway gates affected the invertebrate community (crustaceans, polychaetes, and molluscs), abiotic sediment conditions (sediment water content, mean particle size, penetrability, and depth of the apparent redox potential discontinuity), or resource availability (sediment chlorophyll a concentration and organic matter content) of five intertidal mudflats (two impacted sites, three reference sites) spanning Chignecto Bay, the northern arm of the upper Bay of Fundy, up to 5 months post-opening. No biologically or statistically meaningful differences were detected between impacted and reference sites for any of the measured variables. This suggests that opening the causeway did not have a quantifiable impact on these intertidal mudflats, at least within half a year of the opening. This is likely a result of the macrotidal nature of the Bay of Fundy that overwhelmed any immediate changes to hydrodynamics that occurred after the opening of the causeway gates. 相似文献
128.
Shigehisa Takakuwa Daisuke Iono Baltasar Vila-Vilaro Tomohiko Sekiguchi Ryohei Kawabe 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2008,313(1-3):169-173
We discuss the scientific role of the Atacama Compact Array (ACA), the Japanese contribution to the ALMA project, for low-mass
star-formation study. Our recent observations of several low-mass protostellar envelopes in the submillimeter CS (J=7–6) and HCN (J=4–3) lines with the SMA and ASTE have revealed that these submillimeter emissions are more extended than ∼2000 AU and show
different velocity structures from those traced by millimeter lines. These results suggest the importance of taking short-spacing
informations the ACA can offer. Our comprehensive imaging simulations of these protostellar envelopes, as well as prestellar
cores and debris disks, unprecedentedly demonstrate the scientific importance of ACA. 相似文献
129.
Kenta Kobayashi Satoshi Hirano Takashi Arai Ryuji Ikeda Kentaro Omura Hiroyuki Sano Takashi Sawaguchi Hidemi Tanaka Tomoaki Tomita Naoto Tomida Tatsuo Matsuda Akiko Yamazaki 《Island Arc》2001,10(3-4):411-421
Abstract Characteristics of deformation and alteration of the 1140 m deep fracture zone of the Nojima Fault are described based on mesoscopic (to the naked eye) and microscopic (by both optical and scanning electron microscopes) observations of the Hirabayashi National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED) drill core. Three types of fault rocks; that is, fault breccia, fault gouge and cataclasite, appear in the central part of the fault zone and two types of weakly deformed and/or altered rocks; that is, weakly deformed and altered granodiorite and altered granodiorite, are located in the outside of the central part of the fault zone (damaged zone). Cataclasite appears occasionally in the damaged zone. Six distinct, thin foliated fault gouge zones, which dip to the south-east, appear clearly in the very central part of the fracture zone. Slickenlines plunging to the north-east are observed on the surface of the newest gouge. Based on the observations of XZ thin sections, these slickenlines and the newest gouge have the same kinematics as the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake (Kobe earthquake), which was dextral-reverse slip. Scanning electron microscopy observations of the freeze-dried fault gouge show that a large amount of void space is maintained locally, which might play an important role as a path for fluid migration and the existence of either heterogeneity of pore fluid pressure or strain localization. 相似文献
130.
A new infra-red radiometer for volcanological purposes consists of a commercially available infra-red optical unit (IR camera), mounted on a balloon-tracking theodolite in place of the telescope. The device has a motor-driven horizontal scan at two speeds, and the output signal is fed to a portable recorder. Thus, it is possible to obtain the horizontal temperature profile of an objective area. With successive scanning with different vertical angles of the camera, the spatial temperature distribution can be obtained.The IR ground scanner was successfully utilized at two volcanoes — Kusatsu-shirane and Mihara-yama, O-shima. Repeated IR surveys were made after minor eruptive events. Variations of the surface temperature with time were detected for both volcanoes. The IR scanner is also suitable for monitoring the time and temperature of eruptions from active vents. 相似文献