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11.
Roy K. Lowry Paul Henderson John Nolan 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1982,80(3):254-261
The diffusion properties of Na, Cs, Sr, Ba, Co, Mn, Fe and Sc ions in a basaltic and an andesitic melt have been determined experimentally using the radiotracer residual-activity method, and narrow platinum capillaries, over the temperature range 1,300–1,400° C. Diffusion of all cations follows an Arrhenius relationship; the values of the activation energies range from 24 kcal mol–1 for Na to 67 kcal mol–1 for Co in the andesitic melt, and from 39 kcal mol–1 for Na to 65 kcal mol–1 for Cs in the basaltic melt. Relative diffusivities in the basaltic melt, but not in the andesitic melt, correlate with assumed ionic radii values. Each cation, except Na+, diffuses faster in the basaltic melt than in the andesitic melt over the studied temperature range. Sodium shows similar diffusivity in the two melts.Compensation diagrams incorporating new and some previously-published data indicate that Cs probably diffuses by different mechanisms in different silicate glass and melt systems. Iron has a relatively high activation energy which is consistent with its part occupancy of tetrahedral co-ordination polyhedra. 相似文献
12.
P. Henderson J. Nolan G. C. Cunningham R. K. Lowry 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1985,89(2-3):263-272
The diffusion properties of Na, Cs, Ba, Fe and Eu ions have been determined experimentally for a pantellerite melt and of these ions plus Li, Mn and Co in pitchstone melt, using the radiotracer residual-activity method, and narrow platinum capillaries, over the temperature range 1,200–1,400° C. In addition, Eu diffusion in a basaltic and an andesitic melt was determined. Diffusion of all cations follows an Arrhenius relationship, activation energy values being high for diffusion in the pantellerite melt (e.g. Eu: 100 kcal mol–1) except in the case of Na (24.3 kcal mol–1). Activation energies of diffusion in the pitchstone melt are similar to values recorded earlier for andesitic and basaltic melts.The new data are used, along with previously published data for diffusion in other composition melts, to examine the compositional and structural controls on diffusion. The range of diffusivities shows a marked change with melt composition; over two orders of magnitude for a basaltic melt, and nearly four orders for a pantellerite melt (both at 1,300° C). Diffusivity of all cations (except Li and Na) correlates positively with the proportion of network modifying cations. In the case of Li and Na the correlation is negative but the diffusivity of these ions correlates positively with the proportion of Na or of Na + K ions in the bulk melt. Diffusion behaviour in the pantellerite melt departs from the relationships shown by the data for other melt compositions, which could be partly explained by trivalent ions (such as Fe) occupying network forming positions. The diffusivity of alkali metal ions is strongly dependent on ionic radius, but this is not the case with the divalent and trivalent ions; diffusivity of these ions remains relatively constant with change in radius but decreases with increase in ionic charge.A compensation diagram shows four distinct but parallel trends for the majority of the cations in four melt types but the data for Li and Na plot on a separate trend. This and the other relationships are used to elucidate possible mechanisms of diffusion. Exchange mechanisms appear to be common, with the preservation of local charge balance. Li and Na diffuse by a distinct mechanism which involves exchange of similar or identical ions. The diffusion behaviour of the smaller alkali metal ions is sufficiently distinct from all other cations to indicate that diffusion could be an important factor in the geochemical fractionation of the alkali elements.s 相似文献
13.
We present results of a ground-based observational study of the Hayabusa mission target near-Earth Asteroid (25143) Itokawa. Our data consist of BVRI-filter CCD photometry and low resolution CCD spectroscopy, from which the asteroid's rotation period, axial ratio, broadband colors, and taxonomic classification are derived. Analysis of the R-filter lightcurve data shows a synodic rotation period of 12.12±0.02 h, consistent with results from other observers. We observed a maximum peak-to-peak amplitude of 1.05 magnitudes, which—depending on the taxonomic class assumed when correcting for phase angle effects—implies a minimum axial ratio of 2.14. The shape of the rotation lightcurves varies considerably between data sets due to the changing viewing geometry. The lightcurve data from this study has been included in the shape model analysis of Kaasalainen et al. (2003 Astron. Astrophys, 405, L29-L32) and the Hapke analysis of Lederer et al. (2005 Icarus 173,153-165). Color variations were also observed, with the interpolated color indices at lightcurve midpoint being: (B-V)=0.94±0.05, (V-R)=0.40±0.06, and (V-I)=0.74±0.07. Our low resolution Palomar spectra from March 2001 covered a wavelength range of 0.3-1.0 μm. We measured a spectral slope of 9.3±0.3%/100 nm between 0.55-0.70 μm and a deep 1 μm absorption (equivalent ECAS color: w-x=−0.111±0.003, v-x=0.031±0.003). Comparison of our spectra with published ECAS data from Zellner et al. (1985 Icarus 61, 355-416) indicates that this object is most likely of Q- or S-type, similar to ordinary chondrite meteorites. Our data are more consistent with a Q-type body when both the spectroscopic data and the available BVRI photometry are taken into account. 相似文献
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We present new, near-aphelion, time series of photometry of Comet 2P/Encke in Cousins-R band. With these light curves we find that the dominant, synodic rotational periodicity is either P0=11.079±0.009 h or 2P0=22.158±0.012 h. This is in contrast to data from the 1980s published by others that are consistent with 15.08- and 22.6-h periods. Those periods do not satisfy our phased light curves, and also the 1980s data are not easily reconciled with our periods. This could be due to P/Encke having non-principal axis rotation or due to a drift in the rotation period caused by outgassing torques. We observed the comet at five epochs: July, August, September, and October 2001, and September 2002, and the comet was at times intrinsically brighter than expected for a bare nucleus, due to an apparent contribution from an unresolved coma. Three-quarters of the data were obtained in the second and fifth epochs, and we analyzed these two time series using both the phase-dispersion minimization and “WindowCLEAN” techniques. At both epochs and with both techniques strong periodicities were found near frequencies and . By then using visual inspection of the phased light curves to corroborate these frequencies, and by using the data from the other three epochs to properly align light curve features, we were able to derive P0 and 2P0 as the only solutions that satisfy all our observations. The periodicity due to f1 is clearly seen in our data, but we cannot tell from our data alone whether it is a manifestation of the nucleus's shape, non-principal axis rotation, or both. 相似文献
16.
Oxygen isotope ratios have been determined using laser fluorination techniques on olivine and plagioclase phenocrysts and bulk glasses from the Reykjanes Ridge and Iceland. δ18O in Reykjanes Ridge olivines shows hyperbolic correlations with Sr-Nd-Pb isotope ratios that terminate at δ18O = +4.5‰ at compositions almost identical to those of moderately enriched lavas on the Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland. Samples with low δ18O show no indication of contamination by oceanic crust such as elevated Cl/K, and are too deep to have been influenced by meteoric water hydrothermal systems. They cannot represent Icelandic melts contaminated in the crust and transferred laterally along the ridge since fissure systems are strongly oblique to the ridge axis. It follows that Icelandic mantle advected along the ridge has low δ18O. The hyperbolic 143Nd/144Nd-δ18O correlation appears to be more strongly curved than magma mixing trajectories and suggests that melt fractions are ∼4.5× greater and source Nd contents ∼9× greater in the mantle at 63°N compared with that at 60°N. Primitive lavas from the Reykjanes Peninsula show linear correlations between olivine δ18O and 143Nd/144Nd or 206Pb/204Pb, extending to δ18O of +4.3‰ at 143Nd/144Nd close to the lowest ratios observed in Icelandic magmas. These correlations cannot be produced by melt mixing or crustal contamination because these would yield strongly hyperbolic trajectories. Lower δ18O seen in more evolved samples from the Eastern Rift Zone may reflect crustal contamination, though there is some evidence of a mantle source with lower δ18O in eastern Iceland. It is very difficult to explain the low δ18O of enriched Icelandic mantle sources on current understanding of mantle and crustal oxygen isotopes. There is no obvious reason why such low-δ18O sources should not contribute to other ocean islands. No oceanic crustal lithologies exist that could produce the low-δ18O enriched sources by recycling into the mantle, and there is no evidence for changes in δ18O of ophiolite suites with time, nor of changes during high-P metamorphism. Low δ18O appears to be associated with high 3He/4He, and we speculate that this signature may be characteristic of the host mantle into which ocean crust was recycled. 相似文献
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18.
Craig A. Griffith David A. Dzombak Gregory V. Lowry 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,64(4):925-948
Capture and geological sequestration of CO2 from energy production is proposed to help mitigate climate change caused by anthropogenic emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Performance goals set by the US Department of Energy for CO2 storage permanence include retention of at least 99% of injected CO2 which requires detailed assessments of each potential storage site’s geologic system, including reservoir(s) and seal(s).
The objective of this study was to review relevant basin-wide physical and chemical characteristics of geological seals considered
for saline reservoir CO2 sequestration in the United States. Results showed that the seal strata can exhibit substantial heterogeneity in the composition,
structural, and fluid transport characteristics on a basin scale. Analysis of available field and wellbore core data reveal
several common inter-basin features of the seals, including the occurrence of quartz, dolomite, illite, calcite, and glauconite
minerals along with structural features containing fractures, faults, and salt structures. In certain localities within the
examined basins, some seal strata also serve as source rock for oil and gas production and can be subject to salt intrusions.
The regional features identified in this study can help guide modeling, laboratory, and field studies needed to assess local
seal performances within the examined basins. 相似文献
19.
Erosion of soil by water is facilitated by both diffusive and fluvial processes. Here we examine three different soil redistribution processes operating at very different spatial and temporal scales in the monsoonal tropics of northern Australia. The first process, rainsplash, operates across the entire catchment. This process, while subject to annual and seasonal variations in rainfall amount and intensity, can be considered a constant forcing and redistributes on average 9 t ha−1 year−1 (range −0.9 to 19 t ha−1 year−1). The second process, bioturbation, where in this study soil is disturbed by feral pigs (wild boar), occurs in selected areas throughout each year. Pigs exhume 3 to 36.0 t ha−1 year−1 (average ~11 t ha−1 year−1). The effect of this disturbance may last for many years afterwards. The third process is the disturbance of the soil surface by tree throw and creation of pit–mound topography (also a form of bioturbation), together with the resultant placement of the tree superstructure (above ground biomass) on the ground, which may form debris dams. Tree throw at the scale examined here is likely to occur only once every 50–100 years, with the influence of this single event lasting for at least 10 years post event. Tree throw in a single event exhumed ~5 t ha−1 (1.1–9.5 t ha−1) of soil. In contrast to rainsplash, pig disturbance and tree throw events are largely point-based phenomena. Field observation suggests that it takes many years for the disturbance from both pigs and tree throw to be removed. We find here that in terms of relative soil redistribution, rainsplash has the largest influence, with any erosional disturbance by pigs and tree throw being within the variability of rainsplash. However, the disruption of surface flow by the pig digs and tree throw disrupts sedimentological and hydrological connectivity. 相似文献
20.
Jonathan M. Malzone Sierra K. Anseeuw Christopher S. Lowry Richelle Allen‐King 《Ground water》2016,54(2):274-285
Expansion and contraction of the hyporheic zone due to temporal hydrologic changes between stream and riparian aquifer influence the biogeochemical cycling capacity of streams. Theoretical studies have quantified the control of groundwater discharge on the depth of the hyporheic zone; however, observations of temporal groundwater controls are limited. In this study, we develop the concept of groundwater‐dominated differential hyporheic zone expansion to explain the temporal control of groundwater discharge on the hyporheic zone in a third‐order stream reach flowing through glacially derived terrain typical of the Great Lakes region. We define groundwater‐dominated differential expansion of the hyporheic zone as: differing rates and magnitudes of hyporheic zone expansion in response to seasonal vs. storm‐related water table fluctuation. Specific conductance and vertical hydraulic gradient measurements were used to map changes in the hyporheic zone during seasonal water table decline and storm events. Planar and riffle beds were monitored in order to distinguish the cause of increasing hyporheic zone depth. Planar bed seasonal expansion of the hyporheic zone was of a greater magnitude and longer in duration (weeks to months) than storm event expansion (hours to days). In contrast, the hyporheic zone beneath the riffle bed exhibited minimal expansion in response to seasonal groundwater decline compared to storm related expansion. Results indicated that fluctuation in the riparian water table controlled seasonal expansion of the hyporheic zone along the planar bed. This groundwater induced hyporheic zone expansion could increase the potential for biogeochemical cycling and natural attenuation. 相似文献