Ionospheric effects in uncalibrated phase delay estimation and ambiguity-fixed PPP based on raw observable model   总被引：7，自引：5，他引：2  

Shengfeng Gu  Chuang Shi  Yidong Lou  Jingnan Liu 《Journal of Geodesy》2015,89(5):447-457

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Microseismicity Induced by Fault Activation During the Fracture Process of a Crown Pillar     

Penghai Zhang  Tianhong Yang  Qinglei Yu  Tao Xu  Wancheng Zhu  Honglei Liu  Jingren Zhou  Yongchuan Zhao 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2015,48(4):1673-1682

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A multi‐proxy record of changing environments from ca. 30 000 to 9000 cal. a BP: Onepoto maar palaeolake,Auckland, New Zealand     

Paul Augustinus  Donna D'costa  Yanbin Deng  Joseph Hagg  Phil Shane 《第四纪科学杂志》2011,26(4):389-401

We present a high‐resolution record of lacustrine sedimentation spanning ca. 30 000 to 9000 cal. a BP from Onepoto maar, northern North Island, New Zealand. The multi‐proxy record of environmental change is constrained by tephrochronology and accelerator mass spectrometric ¹⁴C ages and provides evidence for episodes of rapid environmental change during the Last Glacial Coldest Period (LGCP) and Last Glacial–Interglacial Transition (LGIT) from northern New Zealand. The multi‐proxy palaeoenvironmental record from Onepoto indicates that the LGCP was cold, dry and windy in the Auckland region, with vegetation dominated by herb and grass in a beech forest mosaic between ca. 28 500 and 18 000 cal. a BP. The LGCP was accompanied by more frequent fires and influx of clastic sediment indicating increased erosion during the LGCP, with a mid‐LGCP interstadial identified between ca. 25 000 and 23 000 cal. a BP. Rapid climate amelioration at ca. 18 000 cal. a BP was accompanied by increased terrestrial biomass exemplified by the expansion of lowland podocarp forest, especially Dacrydium cupressinum. Increasing biomass production is reversed briefly by LGIT perturbations which are apparent in many of the proxies that span ca. 14 000–10 500 cal. a BP, suggesting generally increased wetness and higher in situ aquatic plant productivity with reduced terrestrial organic matter and terrigenous detrital influx. Furthermore, conditions at that time were probably warmer and frosts rare based on the increasing importance of Ascarina. The subsequent early Holocene is characterised by podocarp conifer forest and moist mild conditions. Postglacial sea‐level rise breached the crater rim and deposited 36 m of estuarine mud after ca. 9000 cal. a BP. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Formation and evolution of the tertiary carbonate reefs in the Madura Strait Basin of Indonesia     

Ran  Weimin  Luan  Xiwu  Lu  Yintao  Liu  Hong  Yang  Jiajia  Zhao  Yang  He  Wenchang  Yan  Zhonghui 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2019,37(1):47-61

Analysis of 2D seismic data over 4 500 km in length from the Madura Strait Basin in the East Java Sea reveals seismic reflection characteristics of reefs and associated sedimentary bodies, including asymmetrical or symmetrical dome reflections, slope progradational reflections, chaotic reflections and discontinuous strong reflections inside the reef, which onlap the flank of the reef. It is concluded that the developmental paleo-environment of most reefs is mainly conducive to shallow marine carbonate platform facies and platform margin facies, based on well core data, variations in seismic facies and strata thickness. The formation and evolution of all reefs are primarily influenced by the tectonic framework of the Madura Strait Basin. Platform margin reefs are principally controlled by two types of structures: one is a series of E-W trending Paleogene normal faults, and the other is an E-W trending Neogene inversion structures. In addition, wave actions, tidal currents and other ocean currents play an accelerated role in sorting, rounding and redeposition for the accumulation and evolution of reefs. Tertiary reefs in the MSB can be divided into four types: 1) an open platform coral reef of Late Oligocene to Early Miocene, 2) a platform margin coral reef controlled by normal faults in Late Oligocene to Early Miocene, 3) a platform margin Globigerina moundreef controlled by a “hidden” inversion structure in Early Pliocene, and 4) a platform margin Globigerina mound-reef controlled by thrust faults in the early Pliocene. Patterns of the formation and evolution of reefs are also suggested.

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最近和即将发生的崩解事件不会削弱埃默里冰架的稳定性   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

李腾  刘岩  程晓 《海洋学报(英文版)》2020,42(5):168-170

冰架崩解约占南极物质损耗总量的一半。借助卫星遥感本世纪已经观测到多次大型崩解事件，引发了公众对气候变化问题的广泛关注。然而作为冰架消涨的自然循环，某些崩解事件只是周期性重现而并非近年来南极升温导致。2019年9月-10月，我们通过“哨兵一号”雷达卫星和“京师一号”小卫星完整地记录到发生在埃默里冰架前端的一次大型崩解事件，并利用冰流数值模式模拟了本次以及未来两次即将发生的崩解事件对该冰架的动力学影响。遥感观测表明，埃默里冰架前端发育有两条纵向、两条横向和一条斜向共五条大型裂隙。它们沿尖端继续向上游延伸可以造成三次崩解事件，其中第一次发生于2019年9月末，D28冰山随普里兹湾涡流向西北方向旋转漂移。依据前人推测的崩解周期，我们在模型中设置五组试验，选择露出海面体积、接地面积、冰流通量三个参数估算冰架对三次崩解的响应。结果表明，通过设计合理的网格系统，我们的模型能够捕捉到每次崩解事件释放的物理信号。三次崩解总体响应趋于一致，仅表现出微弱的差异。在一个60年的崩解周期内，三次崩解引发冰流加速70 m/a，前端减薄2 m，接地线退缩60 km2，共约造成40亿吨额外的物质损耗。然而上述变化仍然处于最新卫星估算误差内部，所以我们认为这些崩解事件并不会显著削弱埃默里冰架整体的稳定结构。考虑到这还是首次明确观测到该冰架进入新一轮崩解周期，未来仍必要收集更长时间序列的遥感资料用以验证模式结果。  相似文献   

Fluid generation and evolution during exhumation of deeply subducted UHP continental crust: Petrogenesis of composite granite–quartz veins in the Sulu belt,China          下载免费PDF全文

S.‐J. Wang  L. Wang  M. Brown  P. M. Piccoli  T. E. Johnson  P. Feng  H. Deng  K. Kitajima  Y. Huang 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2017,35(6):601-629

Composite granite–quartz veins occur in retrogressed ultrahigh pressure (UHP) eclogite enclosed in gneiss at General's Hill in the central Sulu belt, eastern China. The granite in the veins has a high‐pressure (HP) mineral assemblage of dominantly quartz+phengite+allanite/epidote+garnet that yields pressures of 2.5–2.1 GPa (Si‐in‐phengite barometry) and temperatures of 850–780°C (Ti‐in‐zircon thermometry) at 2.5 GPa (~20°C lower at 2.1 GPa). Zircon overgrowths on inherited cores and new grains of zircon from both components of the composite veins crystallized at c. 221 Ma. This age overlaps the timing of HP retrograde recrystallization dated at 225–215 Ma from multiple localities in the Sulu belt, consistent with the HP conditions retrieved from the granite. The ε_Hf(t) values of new zircon from both components of the composite veins and the Sr–Nd isotope compositions of the granite consistently lie between values for gneiss and eclogite, whereas δ¹⁸O values of new zircon are similar in the veins and the crustal rocks. These data are consistent with zircon growth from a blended fluid generated internally within the gneiss and the eclogite, without any ingress of fluid from an external source. However, at the peak metamorphic pressure, which could have reached 7 GPa, the rocks were likely fluid absent. During initial exhumation under UHP conditions, exsolution of H₂O from nominally anhydrous minerals generated a grain boundary supercritical fluid in both gneiss and eclogite. As exhumation progressed, the volume of fluid increased allowing it to migrate by diffusing porous flow from grain boundaries into channels and drain from the dominant gneiss through the subordinate eclogite. This produced a blended fluid intermediate in its isotope composition between the two end‐members, as recorded by the composite veins. During exhumation from UHP (coesite) eclogite to HP (quartz) eclogite facies conditions, the supercritical fluid evolved by dissolution of the silicate mineral matrix, becoming increasingly solute‐rich, more ‘granitic’ and more viscous until it became trapped. As crystallization began by diffusive loss of H₂O to the host eclogite concomitant with ongoing exhumation of the crust, the trapped supercritical fluid intersected the solvus for the granite–H₂O system, allowing phase separation and formation of the composite granite–quartz veins. Subsequently, during the transition from HP eclogite to amphibolite facies conditions, minor phengite breakdown melting is recorded in both the granite and the gneiss by K‐feldspar+plagioclase+biotite aggregates located around phengite and by K‐feldspar veinlets along grain boundaries. Phase equilibria modelling of the granite indicates that this late‐stage melting records P–T conditions towards the end of the exhumation, with the subsolidus assemblage yielding 0.7–1.1 GPa at <670°C. Thus, the composite granite–quartz veins represent a rare example of a natural system recording how the fluid phase evolved during exhumation of continental crust. The successive availability of different fluid phases attending retrograde metamorphism from UHP eclogite to amphibolite facies conditions will affect the transport of trace elements through the continental crust and the role of these fluids as metasomatic agents interacting with the mantle wedge in the subduction channel.  相似文献   

Using raw regional climate model outputs for quantifying climate change impacts on hydrology          下载免费PDF全文

Jie Chen  François P. Brissette  Pan Liu  Jun Xia 《水文研究》2017,31(24):4398-4413

General circulation model outputs are rarely used directly for quantifying climate change impacts on hydrology, due to their coarse resolution and inherent bias. Bias correction methods are usually applied to correct the statistical deviations of climate model outputs from the observed data. However, the use of bias correction methods for impact studies is often disputable, due to the lack of physical basis and the bias nonstationarity of climate model outputs. With the improvement in model resolution and reliability, it is now possible to investigate the direct use of regional climate model (RCM) outputs for impact studies. This study proposes an approach to use RCM simulations directly for quantifying the hydrological impacts of climate change over North America. With this method, a hydrological model (HSAMI) is specifically calibrated using the RCM simulations at the recent past period. The change in hydrological regimes for a future period (2041–2065) over the reference (1971–1995), simulated using bias‐corrected and nonbias‐corrected simulations, is compared using mean flow, spring high flow, and summer–autumn low flow as indicators. Three RCMs driven by three different general circulation models are used to investigate the uncertainty of hydrological simulations associated with the choice of a bias‐corrected or nonbias‐corrected RCM simulation. The results indicate that the uncertainty envelope is generally watershed and indicator dependent. It is difficult to draw a firm conclusion about whether one method is better than the other. In other words, the bias correction method could bring further uncertainty to future hydrological simulations, in addition to uncertainty related to the choice of a bias correction method. This implies that the nonbias‐corrected results should be provided to end users along with the bias‐corrected ones, along with a detailed explanation of the bias correction procedure. This information would be especially helpful to assist end users in making the most informed decisions.  相似文献   

Soil property variation mapping through data mining of soil category maps          下载免费PDF全文

Fei Du  A‐Xing Zhu  Lawrence Band  Jing Liu 《水文研究》2015,29(11):2491-2503

Spatial information on soil properties is an important input to hydrological models. In current hydrological modelling practices, soil property information is often derived from soil category maps by the linking method in which a representative soil property value is linked to each soil polygon. Limited by the area‐class nature of soil category maps, the derived soil property variation is discontinuous and less detailed than high resolution digital terrain or remote sensing data. This research proposed dmSoil, a data‐mining‐based approach to derive continuous and spatially detailed soil property information from soil category maps. First, the soil–environment relationships are extracted through data mining of a soil map. The similarity of the soil at each location to different soil types in the soil map is then estimated using the mined relationships. Prediction of soil property values at each location is made by combining the similarities of the soil at that location to different soil types and the representative soil property values of these soil types. The new approach was applied in the Raffelson Watershed and Pleasant Valley in the Driftless Area of Wisconsin, United States to map soil A horizon texture (in both areas) and depth to soil C horizon (in Pleasant Valley). The property maps from the dmSoil approach capture the spatial gradation and details of soil properties better than those from the linking method. The new approach also shows consistent accuracy improvement at validation points. In addition to the improved performances, the inputs for the dmSoil approach are easy to prepare, and the approach itself is simple to deploy. It provides an effective way to derive better soil property information from soil category maps for hydrological modelling. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Evaluation of Reinforcement and Analysis of Stability of a High-Arch Dam Based on Geomechanical Model Testing     

L. Zhang  Y. R. Liu  Q. Yang 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2015,48(2):803-818

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甘肃省会宁县和定西市安定区退耕农户恩格尔系数差异     

刘璐璐  李锋瑞 《中国沙漠》2019,39(6):192-199

测度退耕还林农户的恩格尔系数并分析其显著影响因素及差异性，对于完善退耕还林政策、巩固退耕还林成果、改善退耕农户贫困状况具有重要的现实意义。选取位于黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的会宁县和定西市安定区退耕户跟踪数据，基于收入、政策、家庭因素等多个层面构建相关经济指标，揭示两个区域退耕户恩格尔系数呈现的基本特征、显著影响因素及其差异性。结果表明：首先，由于自然地理环境和区位相近，会宁县和安定区退耕户恩格尔系数呈现出较为一致的高位波动趋势，消费需求弹性较弱是主要影响因素；其次，退耕还林户补贴率对会宁县恩格尔系数有显著的负向影响，说明退耕还林政策对当地居民经济生活具有显著影响，安定区退耕还林户补贴率对恩格尔系数有显著的正向影响，主要原因是退耕还林补贴额在家庭收入中所占比重较少；最后，会宁县和安定区农户退耕率对恩格尔系数有显著影响，这意味着退耕户的主要收入来源于农业收入。  相似文献