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51.
3-D seismic structure of the Kachchh,Gujarat, and its implications for the earthquake hazard mitigation 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
Several pieces of studies on the January 26, 2001, Bhuj earthquake (Mw 7.6) revealed that the mainshock was triggered on the
hidden unmapped fault in the western part of Indian stable continental region that caused a huge loss in the entire Kachchh
rift basin of Gujarat, India. Occurrences of infrequent earthquakes of Mw 7.6 due to existence of hidden and unmapped faults
on the surface have become one of the key issues for geoscientific research, which need to be addressed for evolving plausible
earthquake hazard mitigation model. In this study, we have carried out a detailed autopsy of the 2001 Bhuj earthquake source
zone by applying three-dimensional (3-D) local earthquake tomography (LET) method to a completely new data set consisting
of 576 local earthquakes recorded between November 2006 and April 2009 by a seismic network consisting of 22 numbers of three-component
broadband digital seismograph stations. In the present study, a total of 7560 arrival times of P-wave (3820) and S-wave (3740)
recorded at least 4 seismograph stations were inverted to assimilate 3-D P-wave velocity (Vp), S-wave velocity (Vs), and Poisson’s
ratio (σ) structures beneath the 2001 Bhuj earthquake source zone for reliable interpretation of the imaged anomalies and
its bearing on earthquake hazard of the region. The source zone is located near the triple junction formed by juxtapositions
of three Indian, Arabian, and Iranian tectonic plates that might have facilitated the process of brittle failure at a depth
of 25 km beneath the KRB, Gujarat, which caused a gigantic loss to both property and persons of the region. There may be several
hidden seismogenic faults around the epicentral zone of the 2001 Bhuj earthquake in the area, which are detectable using 3-D
tomography to minimize earthquake hazard for a region. We infer that the use of detailed 3-D seismic tomography may offer
potential information on hidden and unmapped faults beneath the plate interior to unravel the genesis of such big damaging
earthquakes. This study may help in evolving a comprehensive earthquake risk mitigation model for regions of analogous geotectonic
settings, elsewhere in the world. 相似文献
52.
53.
Estimation of seismic hazard in Gujarat region, India 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Sumer Chopra Dinesh Kumar B. K. Rastogi Pallabee Choudhury R. B. S. Yadav 《Natural Hazards》2013,65(2):1157-1178
The seismic hazard in the Gujarat region has been evaluated. The scenario hazard maps showing the spatial distribution of various parameters like peak ground acceleration, characteristics site frequency and spectral acceleration for different periods have been presented. These parameters have been extracted from the simulated earthquake strong ground motions. The expected damage to buildings from future large earthquakes in Gujarat region has been estimated. It has been observed that the seismic hazard of Kachchh region is more in comparison with Saurashtra and mainland. All the cities of Kachchh can expect peak acceleration in excess of 500?cm/s2 at surface in case of future large earthquakes from major faults in Kachchh region. The cities of Saurashtra can expect accelerations of less than 200?cm/s2 at surface. The mainland Gujarat is having the lowest seismic hazard as compared with other two regions of Gujarat. The expected accelerations are less than 50?cm/s2 at most of the places. The single- and double-story buildings in Kachchh region are at highest risk as they can expect large accelerations corresponding to natural periods of such small structures. Such structures are relatively safe in mainland region. The buildings of 3?C4 stories and tall structures that exist mostly in cities of Saurashtra and mainland can expect accelerations in excess of 100?cm/s2 during a large earthquake in Kachchh region. It has been found that a total of 0.11 million buildings in Rajkot taluka of Saurashtra are vulnerable to total damage. In Kachchh region, 0.37 million buildings are vulnerable. Most vulnerable talukas are Bhuj, Anjar, Rapar, Bhachau, and Mandvi in Kachchh district and Rajkot, Junagadh, Jamnagar, Surendernagar and Porbandar in Saurashtra. In mainland region, buildings in Bharuch taluka are more vulnerable due to proximity to active Narmada-Son geo-fracture. The scenario hazard maps presented in this study for moderate as well as large earthquakes in the region may be used to augment the information available in the probabilistic seismic hazard maps of the region. 相似文献
54.
Sumer Chopra Dinesh Kumar B. K. Rastogi Pallabee Choudhury R. B. S. Yadav 《Natural Hazards》2013,65(2):1135-1155
Site response in the Gujarat region is studied using local earthquake data recorded at 32 sites spread all over Gujarat region, India. Out of these 32 sites, 15 sites are located in Kachchh region, 8 in Saurashtra and 9 in mainland Gujarat region. These sites are underlain by different types of rocks/sediments of different ages. Out of 32 stations, 7 stations are on Quaternary deposits, 6 on Tertiary, 11 on Deccan, 3 on Jurassic, 3 on Cretaceous and 2 on Proterozoic rocks. The predominant frequencies at these sites depend strongly on the local geology. The average predominant frequencies of the sites on Quaternary sediments are 2.4?Hz, 5.3?Hz on Tertiary, 7.5?Hz on Jurassic, 7.2?Hz on Deccan, 4.6?Hz on Cretaceous and 7.5?Hz on Proterozoic formations. The average site amplification values at predominant frequencies are 3.7 for the sites of Quaternary deposits, 3.3 for Tertiary, 3.3 for Cretaceous rock, 4.2 for Deccan trap, 4.1 for Jurassic sites and 4.6 for Proterozoic. The damage to the houses during 2001 Bhuj earthquake is compared with the amplification at predominant frequencies at those sites. The spatial variation of predominant frequencies and the site amplifications at different frequencies corresponding to the natural frequencies of different storey buildings are studied, which will be useful in the evaluation of seismic hazard in the region. 相似文献
55.
S. Srinivasa Rao S. Dinesh kumar S. N. Das M. S. S. Nagaraju M. V. Venugopal Prashant Rajankar Pankaj Laghate M. Sivaprasad Reddy A. K. Joshi J. R. Sharma 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2013,41(4):865-872
This paper discusses a new methodology to estimate soil moisture in agriculture region using SAR data with the use of HH and HV polarization. In this study the semi empirical model derived by Dubois et al. (IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 33(4), 915–926, 1995) was modified to work using σ HH instead of two like polarization equations σHH, σVV so that soil moisture can be obtained for the larger area frequently. The field derived roughness correlated with the cross polarization ratio (HV/HH) to replace the one unknown parameter ‘s’ in the Dubois model and hence the dielectric constant was derived by inverting the Dubois model equation (HH). The Topp et al. (Water Resources Research, 16(3), 574–582, 1980) model was used to retrieve soil moisture using the dielectric constant. The mid incidence angle was used to overcome the incident angle effect and it worked successfully to the larger extent. The result is realistic overall, especially where surface has less variation in the roughness and vegetation since the penetration capability of C-band is limited when plant grows hence model valid in the initial period of cultivation. The derived model is having good scope for soil moisture monitoring with the present availability of Indian RISAT data. 相似文献
56.
We obtain a new parametric class of exact solutions of Einstein–Maxwell field equations which are well behaved. We present a charged super-dense star model after prescribing particular forms of the metric potential and electric intensity. The metric describing the super dense stars joins smoothly with the Reissner–Nordstrom metric at the pressure free boundary. The electric density assumed is where n may take the values 0,1,2,3,4 and so on and K is a positive constant. For n=0,1 we rediscover the solutions by Gupta and Maurya (Astrophys. Space Sci. 334(1):155, 2011) and Fuloria et al. (J. Math. 2:1156, 2011) respectively. The solution for n=2 have been discussed extensively keeping in view of well behaved nature of the charged solution of Einstein–Maxwell field equations. The solution for n=3 and n=4 can be also studied likewise. In absence of the charge we are left behind with the regular and well behaved fifth model of Durgapal (J. Phys. A 15:2637, 1982). The outmarch of pressure, density, pressure-density ratio and the velocity of sound is monotonically decreasing, however, the electric intensity is monotonically increasing in nature. For this class of solutions the mass of a star is maximized with all degree of suitability, compatible with Neutron stars and Pulsars. 相似文献
57.
B. C. Tewari 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2012,342(1):73-77
A new class of exact solutions of Einstein’s equations is proposed for a collapsing radiating spherically symmetric shear-free isotropic fluid undergoing radial heat flow. In remote past the solutions are static perfect fluid which then gradually starts evolving into radiating collapse. The interior solutions are matched with Vaidya exterior metric over the boundary. 相似文献
58.
We present a new spherically symmetric solution of the general relativistic field equations in isotropic coordinates. The
solution is having positive finite central pressure and positive finite central density. The ratio of pressure and density
is less than one and casualty condition is obeyed at the centre. Further, the outmarch of pressure, density and pressure-density
ratio, and the ratio of sound speed to light is monotonically decreasing. The solution is well behaved for all the values
of u lying in the range 0<u≤.186. The central red shift and surface red shift are positive and monotonically decreasing. Further, we have constructed
a neutron star model with all degree of suitability and by assuming the surface density ρ
b
=2×1014 g/cm3. The maximum mass of the Neutron star comes out to be M=1.591 M
Θ with radius R
b
≈12.685 km. The most striking feature of the solution is that the solution not only well behaved but also having one of the
simplest expressions so far known well behaved solutions. Moreover, the good matching of our results for Vela pulsars show
the robustness of our model. 相似文献
59.
Babita Sharma Dinesh Kumar S. S. Teotia B. K. Rastogi Arun K. Gupta Srichand Prajapati 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2012,169(1-2):89-100
The attenuation characteristics based on coda waves of two areas—Jamnagar and Junagarh of Saurashtra, Gujarat (India)—have been investigated in the present study. The frequency dependent relationships have been developed for both the areas using single back scattering model. The broadband waveforms of the vertical components of 33 earthquakes (Mw 1.5–3.5) recorded at six stations of the Jamnagar area, and broadband waveforms of 68 earthquakes (Mw 1.6–5) recorded at five stations of the Junagarh area have been used for the analysis. The estimated relations for the Junagarh area are: Q c?=?(158?±?5)f(0.99±0.04) (lapse time : 20?s), Q c?=?(170?±?4.4)f(0.97±0.02) (lapse time : 30?s) and Q c?=?(229?±?6.6)f(0.94±0.03) (lapse time : 40?s) and for the Jamnagar area are: Q c?=?(178?±?3)f(0.95±0.05) (lapse time : 20?s), Q c?=?(224?±?6)f(0.98±0.06) (lapse time : 30?s) and Q c?=?(282?±?7)f(0.91±0.03) (lapse time : 40?s). These are the first estimates for the areas under consideration. The Junagarh area appears to be more attenuative as compared to the Jamnagar area. The increase in Q c values with lapse time found here for both the areas show the depth dependence of Q c as longer lapse time windows will sample larger area. The rate of decay of attenuation (Q ?1) with frequency for the relations obtained here is found to be comparable with those of other regions of the world though the absolute values differ. A comparison of the coda-Q estimated for the Saurashtra region with those of the nearby Kachchh region shows that the Saurashtra region is less heterogeneous. The obtained relations are expected to be useful for the estimation of source parameters of the earthquakes in the Saurashtra region of Gujarat where no such relations were available earlier. These relations are also important for the simulation of earthquake strong ground motions in the region. 相似文献
60.
Impacts of Weather Conditions Modified by Urban Expansion on Surface Ozone: Comparison between the Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta Regions 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
In this paper, the online weather research and forecasting and chemistry (WRF-Chem) model
is used to explore the impacts of urban expansion on regional weather conditions and its implication
on surface ozone concentrations over the Pearl River Delta(PRD) and Yangtze River Delta(YRD) regions.
Two scenarios of urban maps are used in
the WRF-Chem to represent the early 1990s (pre-urbanization) and the current urban distribution in the
PRD and the YRD. Month-long simulation results using the above land-use scenarios for March 2001 show
that urbanization increases both the day- and night-time 2-m temperatures by about 0.6oC and
1.4oC, respectively. Daytime reduction in the wind speed by about 3.0 m s-1 is larger than
that for the nighttime (0.5 to 2 m s-1). The daytime increase in the PBL height (> 200 m) is
also larger than the nighttime (50--100 m). The meteorological conditions modified by urbanization
lead to detectable ozone-concentration changes in the PRD and the YRD. Urbanization increases the
nighttime surface-ozone concentrations by about 4.7%--8.5% and by about 2.9%--4.2% for the daytime.
In addition to modifying individual meteorological variables, urbanization also enhances the convergence
zones, especially in the PRD. More importantly, urbanization has different effects on the surface ozone
for the PRD and the YRD, presumably due to their urbanization characteristics and geographical locations.
Even though the PRD has a smaller increase in the surface temperature than the YRD, it has (a) weaker
surface wind speed, (b) smaller increase in PBL heights, and (c) stronger convergence zones. The latter
three factors outweighed the temperature increase and resulted in a larger ozone enhancement in the PRD
than the YRD. 相似文献