Über die komplexe Natur des Seeganges     

Gerhard Neumann 《Ocean Dynamics》1952,5(5-6):252-277

Zusammenfassung Unter der Annahme, daß der Seegang nacheinander drei Hauptentwicklungsstufen durchläuft, bis er voll ausgereift ist, lassen sich Beziehungen zwischen den charakteristischen Wellengrößen, der Windgeschwindigkeit, der Wellenlaufstrecke und der Zeitdauer der Windeinwirkung ableiten. Diese Beziehungen sind in graphischer Form für die praktische Seegangsvorhersage dargestellt. Sie gestatten u. a. die Vorausbestimmung der mittleren Periode, d. h. des Mittelwertes der Zeitintervalle zwischen aufeinanderfolgenden Wellenkämmen an einem festen Ort, der häufigsten Periode, der Breite des Periodenspektrums sowie der mittleren und maximalen Wellenhöhe.

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On the complexity of wind waves — 2^nd part: The growth of waves under the wind's influence

Summary Proceeding from the supposition that wind generated waves have to pass through three principal stages before they will be fully developed, one may establish relations between wind velocity, fetch, duration of wind action, and the characteristic wave dimensions. Graphical representations of these relations are given for the practice of wave forecasting. Among others, they allow to predict the mean period, i. e. the mean value of the time intervals between the passage of successive wave crests at a given point, the most frequent period and the width of the spectrum of periods as well as the mean and maximum wave heights.

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La nature complexe des vagues de vent- 2^ième partie: Accroissement des vagues sous l'effect du vent

Résumé En supposant que les vagues de vent doivent parcourir trois phases principales pour atteindre les maxima de leurs dimensions et de leur force on peut établir des relations entre la vitesse du vent, le fetsch, la durée de l'action du vent et les dimensions caractéristiques des vagues. Pour les besoins de la prévision pratique des vagues de vent on a établi des représentations graphiques de ces relations qui permettent entre autres de prévoir la période moyenne, c'est à dire de prévoir la moyenne des intervalles de temps entre le passage par un point donné des crêtes des vagues consécutives, la période la plus fréquence, la largeur du spectre de la période et les moyennes et maxima des hauteurs des vagues.

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Aus den Arbeiten des Department of Meteorology and Oceanography an der New York University für das Office of Naval Research, Washington, D. C., unter Contract No. Nonr — 285(05).  相似文献   

The Evolution of the Milky way     

Gerhard Hensler 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1999,265(1-4):397-407

A two-dimensional chemodynamical model of the Milky Way Galaxy is presented that can account for the structural, kinematical, and chemical pecularities of the galactic components in a self-consistent way. The dynamics of three stellar components and the multi-phase interstellar medium consisting of clouds and intercloud gas are followed in detail. Mass interchange and energetic interaction processes between the stars and the gas phases are treated simultaneously according to the astrophysical experience including star formation, supernovae type I and II, planetary nebulae, stellar winds, evaporation and condensation, drag, cloud collisions, heating and cooling, and stellar nucleosynthesis. These processes are coupling large ranges on temporal and spatial scales, and allow for feedback and self-regulation mechanisms, which play a significant role in galactic evolution. In comparison with observations the capability of the chemodynamical treatment is convincingly proved by the excellent agreement with various observations. In addition, also well-known problems (G-dwarf problem, the discrepancy between local effective yields, etc.), which so far could be only explained by artificial constraints, are solved in the global scenario. Here we wish also to focus on temporal behaviours of the radial abundance gradient and abundance ratios in order to stimulate further more specific observations and to make particular predictions which can test the validity of used model ingredients like stellar yields. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

European Surface Pressure Patterns for Months with Outstanding Climatic Anomalies During the Sixteenth Century     

Jucundus Jacobeit  Heinz Wanner  Gerhard Koslowski  Martin Gudd 《Climatic change》1999,43(1):201-221

Monthly mean surface pressure patterns in the European area are reconstructed for those winter and summer seasons of the 16th century with outstanding climatic anomalies being either widespread over Europe or remarkably intensive in some European regions. From the available documentary information about weather characteristics and their sequences, it proved possible to infer prevalent processes of lower tropospheric advection of typical air masses and to assess the position and strength of major surface pressure centres on a monthly scale. For comparison with modern pressure patterns, monthly mean sea level pressure (SLP) grids from the 20th century have been selected for seasons with similar climatic anomalies. There are broad coincidences between these pressure patterns of the 16th and the 20th centuries except for cold summer seasons. Finally, results from the 16th century are discussed in terms of circulation dynamics (different phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in winter, decreasing frequency of anticyclonic ridging in summer).  相似文献   

Internal morphology, habit and U-Th-Pb microanalysis of amphibolite-to-granulite facies zircons: geochronology of the Ivrea Zone (Southern Alps)   总被引：52，自引：2，他引：50  

Gerhard Vavra  Rolf Schmid  Dieter Gebauer 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1999,134(4):380-404

Several types of growth morphologies and alteration mechanisms of zircon crystals in the high-grade metamorphic Ivrea Zone (IZ) are distinguished and attributed to magmatic, metamorphic and fluid-related events. Anatexis of pelitic metasediments in the IZ produced prograde zircon overgrowths on detrital cores in the restites and new crystallization of magmatic zircons in the associated leucosomes. The primary morphology and Th-U chemistry of the zircon overgrowth in the restites show a systematic variation apparently corresponding to the metamorphic grade: prismatic (prism-blocked) low-Th/U types in the upper amphibolite facies, stubby (fir-tree zoned) medium-Th/U types in the transitional facies and isometric (roundly zoned) high-Th/U types in the granulite facies. The primary crystallization ages of prograde zircons in the restites and magmatic zircons in the leucosomes cannot be resolved from each other, indicating that anatexis in large parts of the IZ was a single and short lived event at 299 ± 5 Ma (95% c. l.). Identical U/Pb ages of magmatic zircons from a metagabbro (293 ± 6 Ma) and a metaperidotite (300 ± 6 Ma) from the Mafic Formation confirm the genetic context of magmatic underplating and granulite facies anatexis in the IZ. The U-Pb age of 299 ± 5 Ma from prograde zircon overgrowths in the metasediments also shows that high-grade metamorphic (anatectic) conditions in the IZ did not start earlier than 20 Ma after the Variscan amphibolite facies metamorphism in the adjacent Strona–Ceneri Zone (SCZ). This makes it clear that the SCZ cannot represent the middle to upper crustal continuation of the IZ. Most parts of zircon crystals that have grown during the granulite facies metamorphism became affected by alteration and Pb-loss. Two types of alteration and Pb-loss mechanisms can be distinguished by cathodoluminescence imaging: zoning-controlled alteration (ZCA) and surface-controlled alteration (SCA). The ZCA is attributed to thermal and/or decompression pulses during extensional unroofing in the Permian, at or earlier than 249 ± 7 Ma. The SCA is attributed to the ingression of fluids at 210 ± 12 Ma, related to hydrothermal activity during the breakup of the Pangaea supercontinent in the Upper Triassic/Lower Jurassic. Received: 7 July 1998 / Accepted: 4 November 1998  相似文献   

Pure elastic stiffness of sand represented by response envelopes derived from cyclic triaxial tests with local strain measurements     

Knittel  Lukas  Wichtmann  Torsten  Niemunis  Andrzej  Huber  Gerhard  Espino  Edgar  Triantafyllidis  Theodoros 《Acta Geotechnica》2020,15(8):2075-2088

Acta Geotechnica - The elastic stiffness of a fine sand at small to moderate strains ( $$\varepsilon \le 2 \times 10^{-4}$$ ) has been studied based on cyclic triaxial tests on cube-shaped samples...  相似文献   

Regression-based distribution mapping for bias correction of climate model outputs using linear quantile regression     

Passow  Christian  Donner  Reik V. 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2020,34(1):87-102

Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment - Impact models are a major source of information for quantifying the consequences of future climate change for humans and the environment. To...  相似文献   

Structural control of groundwater flow regimes and groundwater chemistry along the lower reaches of the Zerka River,West Jordan,using remote sensing,GIS, and field methods     

Taleb Odeh  Elias Salameh  Mario Schirmer  Gerhard Strauch 《Environmental Geology》2009,58(8):1797-1810

A hydrogeological study was completed within a sub-catchment of the Zerka River drainage basin, in western Jordan. The system is characterized by anticlinal bending with an axis trending SSW–NNE and plunging a few degrees in the SSW direction. The anticlinal structure diverts groundwater flow towards the SSW while the strike-slipe faults cause the groundwater to diverge where the fault is perpendicular to the groundwater flow lines, and to converge where the fault is parallel to the groundwater flow lines. A direct relationship was found between the location of springs and the type of groundwater flow with regard to the amount of discharge wherein large spring discharges are located in zones of converging groundwater flow lines. In areas where faults are not abundant, the groundwater retention time in the aquifers is long and a zonation of the electrical conductivity was detected due to mineral dissolution. By controlling groundwater flow, the anticlinal setting produces three genetic groups of groundwater flow systems: (1) alkaline–earth alkaline water which is predominately a bicarbonate-type composition, (2) alkaline–earth alkaline water which is predominately bicarbonate–sulfate, and (3) alkaline–earth alkaline water with a high alkaline component.  相似文献   

Dust ejection from planetary bodies by temperature gradients: Laboratory experiments     

Thorben Kelling  Gerhard Wurm  Miroslav Kocifaj  Jozef Klačka  Dennis Reiss 《Icarus》2011,212(2):935-940

Laboratory experiments show that dusty bodies in a gaseous environment eject dust particles if they are illuminated. We find that even more intense dust eruptions occur when the light source is turned off. We attribute this to a compression of gas by thermal creep in response to the changing temperature gradients in the top dust layers. The effect is studied at a light flux of 13 kW/m² and 1 mbar ambient pressure. The effect is applicable to protoplanetary disks and Mars. In the inner part of protoplanetary disks, planetesimals can be eroded especially at the terminator of a rotating body. This leads to the production of dust which can then be transported towards the disk edge or the outer disk regions. The generated dust might constitute a significant fraction of the warm dust observed in extrasolar protoplanetary disks. We estimate erosion rates of about 1 kg s^?1 for 100 m parent bodies. The dust might also contribute to subsequent planetary growth in different locations or on existing protoplanets which are large enough not to be susceptible to particle loss by light induced ejection. Due to the ejections, planetesimals and smaller bodies will be accelerated or decelerated and drift outward or inward, respectively. The effect might also explain the entrainment of dust in dust devils on Mars, especially at high altitudes where gas drag alone might not be sufficient.  相似文献   

Green space planning and land use: An assessment of urban regional and green structure planning in Greater Copenhagen     

Ole H. Caspersen MSc  PhD.  Cecil C. Konijnendijk  Anton S. Olafsson 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2013,113(2):7-20

Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 106(2):7–20, 2006

In its Regional Plan of 2005, The Greater Copenhagen Authority (abbreviated as “HUR” in Danish) places special emphasis on the future recreational values associated with the regional green structure. In this paper, the development of the urban green structure in Greater Copenhagen is elaborated upon, focusing on land use changes and the effectiveness of regionally coordinated planning measures. EU MOLAND data are used to analyse the development of the region's green structure during the period 1954 to 1998. Analysis of two “green wedges” within the green structure illustrates that the development of the green recreational areas is the result of both formal and more informal planning initiatives. Development has shown equal phases that correspond to the applied regional planning measures and the general economic conditions. However, local preferences in the involved municipalities likewise have played an important role and have resulted in different urbanisation pressure within the two wedges. Land use has transformed from an agricultural to a primarily recreational landscape. In some areas, however, urbanisation pressure has resulted in residential and green industrial areas instead of the planned recreational land use. Based on its historical development it is concluded that future preservation and development of the green structure in Greater Copenhagen requires regional planning measures to be incorporated into municipal plans. In this way the increasingly independent municipalities will comply to objectives of the Regional Plan 2005.  相似文献   

Impact of loading displacements on SLR-derived parameters and on the consistency between GNSS and SLR results   总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1  

Krzysztof Sośnica  Daniela Thaller  Rolf Dach  Adrian Jäggi  Gerhard Beutler 《Journal of Geodesy》2013,87(8):751-769

Displacements of the Earth’s surface caused by tidal and non-tidal loading forces are relevant in high-precision space geodesy. Some of the corrections are recommended by the international scientific community to be applied at the observation level, e.g., ocean tidal loading (OTL) and atmospheric tidal loading (ATL). Non-tidal displacement corrections are in general recommended not to be applied in the products of the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service, in particular atmospheric non-tidal loading (ANTL), oceanic and hydrological non-tidal corrections. We assess and compare the impact of OTL, ATL and ANTL on SLR-derived parameters by reprocessing 12 years of SLR data considering and ignoring individual corrections. We show that loading displacements have an influence not only on station long-term stability, but also on geocenter coordinates, Earth Rotation Parameters, and satellite orbits. Applying the loading corrections reduces the amplitudes of annual signals in the time series of geocenter and station coordinates. The general improvement of the SLR station 3D coordinate repeatability when applying OTL, ATL and ANTL corrections are 19.5 %, 0.2 % and 3.3 % respectively, w.r.t. the solutions without loading corrections. ANTL corrections play a crucial role in the combination of optical (SLR) and microwave (GNSS, VLBI, DORIS) space geodetic observation techniques, because of the so-called Blue-Sky effect: SLR measurements can be carried out only under cloudless sky conditions—typically during high air pressure conditions, when the Earth’s crust is deformed, whereas microwave observations are weather-independent. Thus, applying the loading corrections at the observation level improves SLR-derived products as well as the consistency with microwave-based results. We assess the Blue-Sky effect on SLR stations and the consistency improvement between GNSS and SLR solutions when ANTL corrections are included. The omission of ANTL corrections may lead to inconsistencies between SLR and GNSS solutions of up to 2.5 mm for inland stations. As a result, the estimated GNSS–SLR coordinate differences correspond better to the local ties at the co-located stations when applying ANTL corrections.  相似文献