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341.
D. Heath Jones Mike A. Read Will Saunders Matthew Colless Tom Jarrett Quentin A. Parker Anthony P. Fairall † Thomas Mauch Elaine M. Sadler Fred G. Watson Donna Burton Lachlan A. Campbell Paul Cass Scott M. Croom John Dawe † Kristin Fiegert Leela Frankcombe Malcolm Hartley John Huchra Dionne James Emma Kirby Ofer Lahav John Lucey Gary A. Mamon Lesa Moore Bruce A. Peterson Sayuri Prior Dominique Proust Ken Russell Vicky Safouris Ken-ichi Wakamatsu Eduard Westra Mary Williams 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,399(2):683-698
We report the final redshift release of the 6dF Galaxy Survey (6dFGS), a combined redshift and peculiar velocity survey over the southern sky (| b | > 10°) . Its 136 304 spectra have yielded 110 256 new extragalactic redshifts and a new catalogue of 125 071 galaxies making near-complete samples with ( K , H , J , r F , b J ) ≤ (12.65, 12.95, 13.75, 15.60, 16.75) . The median redshift of the survey is 0.053. Survey data, including images, spectra, photometry and redshifts, are available through an online data base. We describe changes to the information in the data base since earlier interim data releases. Future releases will include velocity dispersions, distances and peculiar velocities for the brightest early-type galaxies, comprising about 10 per cent of the sample. Here we provide redshift maps of the southern local Universe with z ≤ 0.1 , showing nearby large-scale structures in hitherto unseen detail. A number of regions known previously to have a paucity of galaxies are confirmed as significantly underdense regions. The URL of the 6dFGS data base is http://www-wfau.roe.ac.uk/6dFGS . 相似文献
342.
Koen de Jong Bo Wang Michel Faure Liangshu Shu Dominique Cluzel Jacques Charvet Gilles Ruffet Yan Chen 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2009,98(6):1239-1258
Laser-probe dating of mylonite whole-rock samples from the North Tianshan—Main Tianshan fault zone that cross-cuts the North
Tianshan domain’s southern margin yielded 40Ar/39Ar spectra with 255–285 Ma ages. Biotite from an undeformed, Early Carboniferous granite, which cuts the steep mylonitic foliation
in the Proterozoic basement of the Yili arcs’s southern margin, gave a 263.4 ± 0.6 Ma plateau age (1σ). Pre-Carboniferous
metasediments overlying this basement yielded plateau ages (1σ) of 253.3 ± 0.3 (muscovite) and 252.3 ± 0.3 (biotite) Ma. The
Permian ages of mylonites date movement on these ductile, dextral strike-slip shear zones, whereas the mica ages are interpreted
by recrystallisation as a result of fluid flow around such transcurrent faults. We propose that the Tianshan’s Permian syn-tectonic
bimodal magmatism was created in a non-plume-related Yellowstone-like extensional–transtensional tectonic regime. Gold mineralisation,
tracing aqueous flow in the crust, peaked in Permian time and continued locally into the Triassic. The picture is emerging
that a convective fluid system partly driven by magmatic heat, existed in a strongly fractured and weakened crust with an
elevated heat flow, leading to regional-scale isotope resetting. We suggest that surprisingly young isotopic ages in the literature
for early orogenic (ultra)high-pressure metamorphism are similarly due to fluid-mediated recrystallisation. 相似文献
343.
Metal distributions in the exoskeleton and soft tissues of the fiddler crab, Uca pugnax, were examined during intermolt and immediate postmolt to determine if distribution of the metals changed prior to molting and to determine if molting is a feasible mechanism to depurate metals. Fiddler crabs were collected from two locations in New Jersey, a highly contaminated site and a relatively clean environment. The crabs from the contaminated site had higher concentrations of metals in their soft tissues for Cu, significantly higher concentrations of Pb in their soft tissues and carapace, but did not have any significant differences in concentrations of Zn in comparison to their conspecifics from the relatively clean site during intermolt. Crabs from the contaminated site has significantly higher levels of Cu, Pb, and Zn in both their soft tissues and exuvia immediately after molting. Crabs from both sites shifted copper and zinc from the carapace into the soft tissues prior to molting. Lead distribution shifted from the soft tissues to the exoskeleton prior to molting in the population from the contaminated site but shifted from the exoskeleton into the soft tissues for the relatively clean site. Average percent of the total body burden eliminated during the molting process for the highly contaminated site varied with each metal, 12% Cu, 76% Pb, and 22% Zn. Average percent of the total body burden eliminated during molting process for the relatively clean site also varied with each metal and was significantly lower than the conspecifics from the contaminated site, 3% Cu, 56% Pb, and 8% Zn. Molting can reduce overall body burdens significantly and is a feasible mechanism to depurate lead. 相似文献
344.
Impact of Boundary-Layer Processes on Near-Surface Turbulence Within the West African Monsoon 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Fabienne Lohou Frédérique Saïd Marie Lothon Pierre Durand Dominique Serça 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2010,136(1):1-23
High frequency measurements of near-surface meteorological data acquired in north Benin during the 2006 West African monsoon
seasonal cycle, in the context of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) experiment, offer insight into the
characteristics of surface turbulence in relation to planetary boundary-layer (PBL) processes. A wide range of conditions
is encountered at the lower and upper limits of the PBL: (i) from water-stressed to well-fed vegetation, and (ii) from small
to large humidity and temperature jumps at the PBL top inversion, due to the Saharan air layer overlying the monsoonal flow.
As a result, buoyant convection at the surface and entrainment at the PBL top play very different roles according to the considered
scalar. We show that, when the boundary-layer height reaches the shear level between the monsoonal and Harmattan flows, the
temperature source and humidity sink at the boundary-layer top are sufficient to allow the entrainment to affect the entire
boundary layer down to the surface. This situation occurs mainly during the drying and moistening periods of the monsoon cycle
and affects the humidity statistics in particular. In this case, the humidity turbulent characteristics at the surface are
no longer driven solely by buoyant convection, but also by entrainment at the boundary-layer top. Consequently, the Monin–Obukhov
similarity theory appears to fail for the parameterisation of humidity-related moments. 相似文献
345.
An evaluation of the surface radiation budget over North America for a suite of regional climate models against surface station observations 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Marko Markovic Colin G. Jones Paul A. Vaillancourt Dominique Paquin Katja Winger Danahé Paquin-Ricard 《Climate Dynamics》2008,31(7-8):779-794
Components of the surface radiation budget (SRB) [incoming shortwave radiation (ISR) and downwelling longwave radiation (DLR)] and cloud cover are assessed for three regional climate models (RCM) forced by analysed boundary conditions, over North America. We present a comparison of the mean seasonal and diurnal cycles of surface radiation between the three RCMs, and surface observations. This aids in identifying in what type of sky situation simulated surface radiation budget errors arise. We present results for total-sky conditions as well as overcast and clear-sky conditions separately. Through the analysis of normalised frequency distributions we show the impact of varying cloud cover on the simulated and observed surface radiation budget, from which we derive observed and model estimates of surface cloud radiative forcing. Surface observations are from the NOAA SURFRAD network. For all models DLR all-sky biases are significantly influenced by cloud-free radiation, cloud emissivity and cloud cover errors. Simulated cloud-free DLR exhibits a systematic negative bias during cold, dry conditions, probably due to a combination of omission of trace gas contributions to the DLR and a poor treatment of the water vapor continuum at low water vapor concentrations. Overall, models overestimate ISR all-sky in summer, which is primarily linked to an underestimate of cloud cover. Cloud-free ISR is relatively well simulated by all RCMs. We show that cloud cover and cloud-free ISR biases can often compensate to result in an accurate total-sky ISR, emphasizing the need to evaluate the individual components making up the total simulated SRB. 相似文献
346.
Ramón de Elía Daniel Caya Hélène Côté Anne Frigon Sébastien Biner Michel Giguère Dominique Paquin Richard Harvey David Plummer 《Climate Dynamics》2008,30(2-3):113-132
This work is a first step in the analysis of uncertainty sources in the RCM-simulated climate over North America. Three main
sets of sensitivity studies were carried out: the first estimates the magnitude of internal variability, which is needed to
evaluate the significance of changes in the simulated climate induced by any model modification. The second is devoted to
the role of CRCM configuration as a source of uncertainty, in particular the sensitivity to nesting technique, domain size,
and driving reanalysis. The third study aims to assess the relative importance of the previously estimated sensitivities by
performing two additional sensitivity experiments: one, in which the reanalysis driving data is replaced by data generated
by the second generation Coupled Global Climate Model (CGCM2), and another, in which a different CRCM version is used. Results
show that the internal variability, triggered by differences in initial conditions, is much smaller than the sensitivity to
any other source. Results also show that levels of uncertainty originating from liberty of choices in the definition of configuration
parameters are comparable among themselves and are smaller than those due to the choice of CGCM or CRCM version used. These
results suggest that uncertainty originated by the CRCM configuration latitude (freedom of choice among domain sizes, nesting
techniques and reanalysis dataset), although important, does not seem to be a major obstacle to climate downscaling. Finally,
with the aim of evaluating the combined effect of the different uncertainties, the ensemble spread is estimated for a subset
of the analysed simulations. Results show that downscaled surface temperature is in general more uncertain in the northern
regions, while precipitation is more uncertain in the central and eastern US. 相似文献
347.
Changes in temperature and temperature gradients in the French Northern Alps during the last century
M. Dominique Dumas 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2013,111(1-2):223-233
In mountain environments, local factors such as topography or exposure to the sun influence the spatial distribution of temperatures. It is therefore difficult to characterise the global evolution of temperatures over several decades. Such local effects can either accentuate or attenuate thermal contrasts between neighbouring areas. The present study uses two regional thermal indicators—thermal gradients and temperatures reduced to sea level—to monitor the monthly evolution of minimum and maximum temperatures in the French Northern Alps. Measures were calculated for the period extending from 1960 to 2007 based on data from 92 measuring stations. Temperature gradients were computed and further used to monitor the altitudinal evolution of temperatures. A characteristic regional temperature was determined for the whole of the French Northern Alps based on temperatures reduced to sea level, and changes in temperatures since 1960 were assessed. Multiple linear regression models made it possible to extend measurements over a longer period and to make enhanced calculations of temperature changes in the mountains since 1885. This is the first study to examine temperature changes in the French Northern Alps over such an extended period. Gradient data suggest that over the last 50 years, temperatures have changed at all altitudes. In addition, the evaluation of the temperature rise over 100 years reveals that minimal and maximal monthly temperatures trends are only significant a few months of the year. 相似文献
348.
Dominique J. Tobler Mark O. Cuthbert Michael S. Riley Stephanie Handley-Sidhu 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(11):3290-3301
Ureolysis-driven calcite precipitation has potential to seal porosity and fracture networks in rocks thus preventing groundwater flow and contaminant transport. In this study urea hydrolysis and calcite precipitation rates for the model bacterium Sporosarcina pasteurii were compared with those of indigenous groundwater communities under conditions required to precipitate large volumes of calcite (up to 50 g L−1). We conducted microcosm experiments in oxic artificial and anoxic natural groundwaters (collected from the Permo-Triassic sandstone aquifer at Birmingham, UK) that were inoculated with aerobically grown S. pasteurii. The rate constants for urea hydrolysis, kurea, ranged between 0.06 and 3.29 d−1 and were only affected by inoculum density. Higher Ca2+ concentration (50-500 mM Ca2+) as well as differences in fO2 did not inhibit the ureolytic activity of S. pasteurii and did not significantly impact kurea. These results demonstrate that S. pasteurii has potential to improve calcite precipitation in both oxic and anoxic groundwaters, especially if indigenous communities lack ureolytic activity. Urea hydrolysis by indigenous groundwater communities was investigated in anoxic, natural groundwaters amended with urea and CaCl2. A notable increase in ureolysis rates was measured only when these communities were stimulated with dilute nutrients (with best results from blackstrap molasses). Furthermore, there was a considerable lag time (12-20 days) before ureolysis and calcite precipitation began. Calculated ureolysis rate constants, kurea, ranged between 0.03 and 0.05 d−1 and were similar to kurea values produced by S. pasteurii at low inoculum densities. Overall, this comparative study revealed that the growth of ureolytic microorganisms present within groundwaters can easily be stimulated to enhance rates of urea hydrolysis in the subsurface, and thus can be used to induce calcite precipitation in these environments. The time required for urea hydrolysis to begin is almost instantaneous if an inoculum of S. pasteurii is included, while it may take several weeks for ureolytic groundwater communities to grow and become ureolytically active. 相似文献
349.
Bo Wang Liangshu Shu Michel Faure Bor-ming Jahn Dominique Cluzel Jacques Charvet Sun-lin Chung Sébastien Meffre 《Tectonophysics》2011,497(1-4):85-104
In the southern Chinese Tianshan, the southernmost part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), widespread ophiolitic mélanges form distinct tectonic units that are crucial for understanding the formation of the CAOB. However, the timing of tectonic events and the subduction polarity are still in controversy. In order to better understand these geological problems, a comprehensive study was conducted on the Heiyingshan ophiolitic mélange in the SW Chinese Tianshan. Detailed structural analysis reveals that the ophiolitic mélange is tectonically underlain by sheared and weakly metamorphosed pre-Middle Devonian rocks, and unconformably overlain by non-metamorphic and undeformed lower Carboniferous (Serpukhovian) to Permian strata. The igneous assemblage of the mélange comprises OIB-like alkali basalt and andesite, N-MORB-like tholeiitic basalt, sheeted diabase dikes, cumulate gabbro and peridotite. Mafic rocks display supra-subduction signatures, and some bear evidence of contamination with the continental crust, suggesting a continental marginal (back-arc) basin setting. Zircons of a gabbro were dated at 392 ± 5 Ma by the U–Pb LA-ICP-MS method. Famennian–Visean radiolarian microfossils were found in the siliceous matrix of the ophiolitic mélange. Mylonitic phyllite which displays northward-directed kinematic evidence yielded muscovite 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages of 359 ± 2 Ma and 356 ± 2 Ma.These new data, combined with previously published results, suggest that the mafic protoliths originally formed in a back-arc basin in the Chinese southern Tianshan during the late Silurian to Middle Devonian and were subsequently incorporated into the ophiolitic mélange and thrust northward during the Late Devonian to early Carboniferous. Opening of the back-arc basin was probably induced by south-dipping subduction of the Paleo-Tianshan Ocean in the early Paleozoic, and the Central Tianshan block was rifted away from the Tarim block. Closure of the back-arc basin in the early Carboniferous formed the South Tianshan Suture Zone and re-amalgamated the two blocks. 相似文献
350.
Vincent Ouisse Pascal Riera Aline Migné Cédric Leroux Dominique Davoult 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2011
Freshwater seepages and ephemeral Enteromorpha spp. proliferation create heterogeneity at small spatial scale in intertidal sediment. Macrobenthic community diversity was compared between these two disturbances and their respective control points throughout the year 2007 at the Roscoff Aber Bay (Western English Channel, France). In March and September 2007, trophic community pathways of characteristic species were additionally studied using stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen. The low salinity recorded at the freshwater seepage induced the exclusion of the main bioturbator and the presence of omnivores which modified the community composition by biotic pressure. Moreover, food web analyses clearly highlighted a separation at small spatial scale between the two trophic pathways of the impacted area and its control. On the contrary, little differences were observed owning to the ephemeral Enteromorpha spp. proliferation. This suggested a progressive and diffusive disturbance which was applied from the algal mat to the nearby area. However, seasonal changes were observed. First, the algal expansion phase increased the macrofauna diversity and foraminifers’ abundance (meiofauna) and then acted as a physical barrier decreasing sediment and water column exchanges and decreasing the fauna diversity. This study highlights the need to take into account small spatial heterogeneity to avoid misinterpretations in intertidal ecology studies. 相似文献