Transport and exchange of U-series nuclides between suspended material,dissolved load and colloids in rivers draining basaltic terrains     

Philip A.E. Pogge von Strandmann  Kevin W. Burton  Don Porcelli  Rachael H. James  Peter van Calsteren  Sigurður R. Gislason 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2011,301(1-2):125-136

This study presents uranium and thorium concentrations and activity ratios for all riverine phases (bedload, suspended load, dissolved load and colloids) from basaltic terrains in Iceland and the Azores. Small basaltic islands, such as these, are thought to account for ~ 25% of CO₂ consumed by global silicate weathering, and for ~ 45% of the flux of suspended material to the oceans. These data indicate that [U] and [Th] in the dissolved and colloidal fractions are strongly controlled by pH, and to a much lesser extent by levels of dissolved organic carbon (which are low in these environments). At high pH, basalt glass dissolution is enhanced, and secondary mineral formation (e.g. Fe-oxyhydroxides and allophane) is suppressed, resulting in high dissolved [U], and low colloidal [U] and [Th], indicating a direct chemical weathering control on elemental abundances. When the dissolved (²³⁴U/²³⁸U) activity ratio is >~1.3 (i.e. when physical weathering, groundwater contribution or soil formation are high), there is little isotope exchange between dissolved and colloidal fractions. At lower activity ratios, the dissolved load and colloids have indistinguishable activity ratios, suggesting that when chemical weathering rates are high, secondary clay formation is also high, and colloids rapidly adsorb dissolved U. Many of the suspended sediment samples have (²³⁴U/²³⁸U) activity ratios of > 1, which suggests that uptake of U onto the suspended load is important. Identical (²³⁰Th/²³²Th) in suspended, dissolved and colloidal samples suggests that Th, like U, is exchanged or sorbed rapidly between all riverine phases. This particle-reactivity, combined with poorly constrained contributions from groundwater and hydrothermal water, and short-term variations in input to soils (volcanic and glacial), suggests that U-series nuclides in riverine material from such basaltic terrains are unlikely to reflect steady state erosion processes.  相似文献   

Fluctuations in late Neoproterozoic atmospheric oxidation — Cr isotope chemostratigraphy and iron speciation of the late Ediacaran lower Arroyo del Soldado Group (Uruguay)     

Robert Frei  Claudio Gaucher  Daniel Stolper  Don E. Canfield 《Gondwana Research》2013,23(2):797-811

Oxygenation of the Earth's atmosphere occurred in two major steps, near the beginning and near the end of the Proterozoic Eon (2500 to 542 Ma ago), but the details of this history are unclear. Chromium isotopes in iron-rich chemical sediments offer a potential to highlight fine-scale fluctuations in the oxygenation of the oceans and atmosphere and to add a further dimension in the use of redox-sensitive tracers to solve the question regarding fluctuations of atmospheric oxygen levels and their consequences for Earth's climate. We observe strong positive fractionations in Cr isotopes (δ⁵³Cr up to + 5.0‰) in iron-rich cherts and banded iron formation horizons within the Arroyo del Soldado Group (Ediacaran; Uruguay) that can be explained by rapid, effective oxidation of Fe(II)-rich surface waters. These fluctuations are correlated with variations in ratios of highly reactive iron (Fe_HR) to total iron (Fe_tot) which indicate a predominance of anoxic water columns (Fe_HR/Fe_tot > 0.38) during the onset of oxidation pulses. We favor the scenario by which isotopically heavy Cr(VI) entered the basin after pulses of oxidative weathering on land and in which Fe(II) accumulated in the water column. Neodymium isotopes reveal that these oxygenation pulses were followed by increased influxes to the basin of continental crust-derived detrital components of Paleoproterozoic (Nd T_DM model ages = 2.1–2.2 Ga) provenance typical of the Rio de la Plata Craton. The association of positive δ⁵³Cr–ferruginous (Fe_HR/Fe_tot > 0.38) stratigraphic intervals with low-diversity acritarch assemblages dominated by Bavlinella faveolata strongly support models postulating a stratified, eutrophic Neoproterozoic ocean. Thus, even within a few million years of the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary, paleoceanographic conditions resembled more those of Paleoproterozoic oceans than Phanerozoic and present oceans. This highlights the sheer magnitude of ecological changes at the Precambrian–Cambrian transition, changes which ultimately led to the demise of the Precambrian world and the birth of the metazoan-dominated Phanerozoic.  相似文献   

Paleofluid analysis from fracture-fill cements in the Asmari limestones of the Kuh-I-Mond field, SW Zagros, Iran   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Zeinab Shariatinia  Manouchehr Haghighi  Sadat Feiznia  Don Hall  Gilles Levresse  Ali Mousavi Dehghani  Masoud Rashidi 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(7):2539-2556

Kuh-I-Mond field in the Zagros foreland basin is a conventional heavy oil resource and is composed of fractured carbonates whose fractures were filled by calcite, dolomite, and anhydrite cements. Oil inclusions occurred within the fracture-fill cements indicate that fractures were open and played an active role during oil migration and charge. The highest measured values for secondary porosities belong to fractures in Asmari Formation, which is characterized by significant amounts of vug- and fracture-filling cements. Fractures facilitated fluid circulation and subsequently dissolution of allochems and high Mg carbonates. In contrast, fine-grained carbonate facies were less cemented, and thus, porosity enhancement by cement dissolution was insignificant. Temperature profiles of oil inclusions in the dolomite, calcite, and anhydrite minerals characterized by distinct variations in the homogenization temperatures (Th) that are divided into two ranges below 50°C in anhydrites and from 45°C to 125°C in dolomites and calcites. The lower Th ranges for anhydrite suggests that it may have formed at shallower burial depths during early to middle diagenesis. The oil inclusions display trend for increasing temperature downward which conform to Formation geothermal gradient. In other word, the decreasing trend of Th temperatures upward within Asmari Formation that can be observed in Th versus depth plot is consistent with the uplift events at Late Miocene time and later that caused removal of about 1,300 m of the crest of the Kuh-I-Mond anticline. Vitrinite reflectance data from source rock intervals in the field area do not support vertical migration of locally generated hydrocarbons into the Kuh-I-Mond accumulation, and long-distance lateral oil migration and charge from a source kitchen to the southwest is proposed. Vitrinite reflectance data from this dolomite and limestone reservoir suggest low maturation levels corresponding to paleotemperatures less than 50°C. The observed maturation level (<0.5% Ro) does not exceed values for simple burial maturation based on the estimated burial history. Also, homogenization temperatures from fluid inclusion populations in calcite and dolomites show expected good correlation with reflectance-derived temperatures. The Th data represent pore fluids became warmer and more saline during burial. As aqueous fluid inclusions in calcite veins were homogenized between 22°C and 90°C with a decrease in salinity from 22 to 18 eq.?wt.% NaCl. The Th values suggest a change in water composition and that dolomite and calcite cements might have precipitated from petroleum-derived fluids. The hydrocarbon fluid inclusions microthermometry data suggest that the reservoir was being filled by heavy black oils in reservoir during Cenozoic. Aqueous fluid inclusions hosted by calcite equant sparry/fossil cavity fills suggest low cementation temperatures (<45°C) and high salinities (19 eq.?wt.% NaCl), while those in dolostones are characterized by highly variable homogenization temperature (52°C to 125°C) and salinities (6.5 to 20 eq.?wt.% NaCl).  相似文献   

西藏北部拉萨地块那曲地区约113Ma安山岩岩石成因与意义   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

黄玉  朱弟成  赵志丹  张亮亮  Don DEPAOLO  胡兆初  袁洪林  莫宣学 《岩石学报》2012,28(5):1603-1614

西藏北部拉萨地块广泛分布着早白垩世岩浆岩,由于缺少高质量的年代学和地球化学数据,其岩浆源区和岩石成因迄今未能很好约束。本文报道了北部拉萨地块那曲地区安山岩的锆石U-Pb定年、地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素数据。那曲安山岩锆石U-Pb年龄为112.7±0.7Ma。岩石为高钾钙碱性系列,富集大离子亲石元素、Th、U和轻稀土元素[(La/Yb)N=6.62～11.68],亏损Nb、Ta、P和Ti等高场强元素。样品具有较高的(87Sr/86Sr)i值(0.7100～0.7126)、负的全岩εNd(t)值(-10.5～-7.8)和负的锆石εHf(t)值(-9.9～-4.7),对应于古老的Nd同位素二阶段模式年龄(1.5～1.8Ga)和锆石Hf同位素地幔模式年龄(1.0～1.6Ga)。综合岩石学、地球化学和区域构造背景研究认为,那曲地区安山岩形成于南向俯冲的班公湖-怒江洋壳岩石圈板片断离的背景,很可能是受早期流体/沉积物熔体交代富集的安多微陆块古老岩石圈地幔物质部分熔融的产物,并经历了不同程度的分离结晶。  相似文献   

An empirical model for the polarization of pulsar radio emission     

Don Melrose  rew Miller  Aris Karastergiou †  Qinghuan Luo 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,365(2):638-646

We present an empirical model for single pulses of radio emission from pulsars based on Gaussian probability distributions for relevant variables. The radiation at a specific pulse phase is represented as the superposition of radiation in two (approximately) orthogonally polarized modes (OPMs) from one or more subsources in the emission region of the pulsar. For each subsource, the polarization states are drawn randomly from statistical distributions, with the mean and the variance on the Poincaré sphere as free parameters. The intensity of one OPM is chosen from a lognormal distribution, and the intensity of the other OPM is assumed to be partially correlated, with the degree of correlation also chosen from a Gaussian distribution. The model is used to construct simulated data described in the same format as real data: distributions of the polarization of pulses on the Poincaré sphere and histograms of the intensity and other parameters. We concentrate on the interpretation of data for specific phases of PSR B0329+54 for which the OPMs are not orthogonal, with one well defined and the other spread out around an annulus on the Poincaré sphere at some phases. The results support the assumption that the radiation emerges in two OPMs with closely correlated intensities, and that in a statistical fraction of pulses one OPM is invisible.  相似文献   

Editorial—INQUA year 2007     

Chris Caseldine  Don Rodbell  Chris Turney 《第四纪科学杂志》2007,22(1):1-2

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The dependence of star formation history and internal structure on stellar mass for 10⁵ low-redshift galaxies     

Guinevere Kauffmann  Timothy M. Heckman  Simon D. M. White  Stéphane Charlot  Christy Tremonti  Eric W. Peng  Mark Seibert  Jon Brinkmann  Robert C. Nichol  Mark SubbaRao  Don York 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2003,341(1):54-69

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A simulation using a hybrid method for predicting fault zones ahead of a tunnel face     

In‐Mo Lee  Don‐Hee Kim 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2003,27(2):147-158

By monitoring and analysing three‐dimensional absolute displacement during tunnel excavation, it is possible to predict discontinuity zones ahead of tunnel face. This paper presents results of the three‐dimensional displacement obtained from three‐dimensional simulations using hybrid method for assessing the effect of discontinuity zones on monitoring data. The influence of fault zones and in situ initial stresses on the three‐dimensional tunnel movement is evaluated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Alfvén turbulence in collisionless plasmas     

Qinghuan Luo  Don Melrose   《Planetary and Space Science》2007,55(15):2281-2285

The evolution of Alfvén turbulence due to three-wave interactions is discussed using kinetic theory for a collisionless, thermal plasma. In particular, we consider decay of Alfvén waves through three-wave coupling with an ion sound mode in the random-phase approximation. Two decay processes are of particular interest: an Alfvén wave decays into a backward propagating Alfvén wave and a forward propagating ion sound wave, and an Alfvén wave decays into a backward propagating fast magnetoacoustic wave and a forward ion sound wave. The former was widely discussed in the literature, particularly under the coherent wave assumption. The latter was not well explored and is discussed here.  相似文献   

The fidelity of melt inclusions as records of melt composition   总被引：5，自引：5，他引：0  

Don R. Baker 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2008,156(3):377-395

A series of experiments created melt inclusions in plagioclase and pyroxene crystals grown from a basaltic melt at 1,150°C, 1.0 GPa to investigate diffusive fractionation during melt inclusion formation; additionally, P diffusion in a basaltic melt was measured at 1.0 GPa. Melt inclusions and melts within a few 100 microns of plagioclase–melt interfaces were analyzed for comparison with melt compositions far from the crystals. Melt inclusions and melt compositions in the boundary layer close to the crystal–melt interface were similar, but both differ significantly in incompatible element concentrations from melt found greater than approximately 200 microns away from the crystals. The compositional profiles of S, Cl, P, Fe, and Al in the boundary layers were successfully reproduced by a two-step model of rapid crystal growth followed by diffusive relaxation toward equilibrium after termination of crystal growth. Applying this model to investigate possible incompatible element enrichment in natural melt inclusions demonstrated that at growth rates high enough to create the conditions for melt inclusion formation, ∼10⁻⁹–10⁻⁸ m s⁻¹, the concentration of water in the boundary layer near the crystal was similar to that of the bulk melt because of its high diffusion coefficient, but sulfur, with a diffusivity similar to major elements and CO₂, was somewhat enriched in the boundary layer melt, and phosphorus, with its low diffusion coefficient similar to other high-field strength elements and rare earth elements, was significantly enriched. Thus, the concentrations of sulfur and phosphorus in melt inclusions may over-estimate their values in the bulk melt, and other elements with similar diffusion coefficients may also be enriched in melt inclusions relative to the bulk melt. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献