Impact of land use changes on surface warming in China   总被引：29，自引：1，他引：28  

ZHANG Jingyong  DONG Wenjie  WU Lingyun  WEI Jiangfeng  CHEN Peiyan  Dong-Kyou LEE 《大气科学进展》2005,22(3):343-348

Land use changes such as urbanization, agriculture, pasturing, deforestation, desertification and irrigation can change the land surface heat flux directly, and also change the atmospheric circulation indirectly, and therefore affect the local temperature. But it is difficult to separate their effects from climate trends such as greenhouse-gas effects. Comparing the decadal trends of the observation station data with those of the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis (NNR) data provides a good method to separate the effects because the NNR is insensitive to land surface changes. The effects of urbanization and other land use changes over China are estimated by using the difference between the station and the NNR surface temperature trends. Our results show that urbanization and other land use changes may contribute to the observed 0.12℃ (10 yr)- 1 increase for daily mean surface temperature, and the 0.20℃ (10 yr)- 1 and 0.03℃ (10 yr)-1 increases for the daily minimum and maximum surface temperatures, respectively. The urban heat island effect and the effects of other land-use changes mayalso play an important role in the diurnal temperature range change. The spatial pattern of the differences in trends shows a marked heterogeneity.The land surface degradation such as deforestation and desertification due to human activities over northern China, and rapidly-developed urbanization over southern China, may have mostly contributed to the increases at stations north of about 38°N and in Southeast China, respectively. Furthermore, the vegetation cover increase due to irrigation and fertilization may have contributed to the decreasing trend of surface temperature over the lower Yellow River Basin. The study illustrates the possible impacts of land use changes on surface temperature over China.  相似文献   

考虑超随机特性的人工地震动合成   总被引：5，自引：5，他引：0  

徐国栋  周锡元  闫维明  董娣 《地震工程与工程振动》2005,25(4):11-17

文中根据自相关函数随机噪声部分的2个重要性质提出了自相关函数随机噪声部分的迭代生成算法,并给出了以确定性自相关函数为目标函数,考虑随机噪声部分影响的人工合成地震动方法.本文的研究结果表明地震动加速度的平方和（SS）比峰值加速度（PGA）更好地量度了地震地面运动强度.文中用蒙特卡罗方法分析了自相关函数噪声项对人工合成地震动幅值和反应谱的影响：由于自相关函数的随机噪声项对地震动总功率或平方和的贡献为0,因此随机噪声项对合成地震动幅值的影响不大,但由于自相关函数随机噪声项明显改变了地震动功率谱在频域上的分布特征,使原本光滑的平均反应谱出现了明显的波动,从而在一定程度上提高了平均反应谱的峰值,使自相关函数噪声部分对平均反应谱也有一些影响.  相似文献   

在地震力作用下高架桥梁上轨道车辆的动态分析与安全性研究     

董永财  杨长春 《地震工程与工程振动》2005,25(5):153-159

本文将轨道车辆系统仿真成由车厢、转向架及轮轴所组成。车厢与转向架间有次悬吊系统,转向架与轮轴间则有主悬吊系统。数学模型的推导将考虑车辆横向、垂向、翻滚及摇摆方向的运动,将车辆仿真成三维具16个自由度的系统。本研究将探讨行驶高架桥梁的轨道车辆受地震激振时的响应和安全性,结果显示,移轨力及脱轨系数会随着地表加速度的增加而增加,而轨道不平整度及速度参数对脱轨系数及移轨力的影响不大。  相似文献   

首都圈地区小震重新定位及其在地震构造研究中的应用   总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15  

朱艾斓  徐锡伟  胡平  周永胜  林元武  陈桂华  甘卫军 《地质论评》2005,51(3):268-274

使用双差地震定位法对首都圈地区39°～4 1°N,115°～118°E范围内1980～2 0 0 0年的2 0 98个小震进行了重新定位,定位均方根残差从重新定位前的1.4 s降到0 .32 s。重新定位后,地震活动多集中分布于北东与北西向断裂的交汇处,或密集成北东与北西向线性分布,与已知活动断裂具有密切的关系。在顺义与延怀盆地一带揭示出几条高角度北西向隐伏活动断裂,长度在10～2 0 km间。小震活动显示的构造信息表明,北西向构造是重要的发震构造,在现今构造变形和地震孕育、发生中,与北东向构造起着同样重要的作用。同时,重定位震源深度分布在东西方向上显示出明显的不均匀性,推测是地壳变形和构造活动强弱在横向变化的一种反映。  相似文献   

Characteristics of isotope in precipitation,river water and lake water in the Manasarovar basin of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau     

Zhijun Yao  Jian Liu  He-Qing Huang  Xianfang Song  Xiaohui Dong  Xin Liu 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(3):551-556

The stable hydrogen and oxygen of lake, river, rain and snow waters were investigated to understand the water cycle characteristics of the drainage basin of Manasarovar Lake in Tibet. Both δD and δ ¹⁸O of river water are larger than those of lake water and the effect of altitude on both δD and δ ¹⁸O is not very significant. This phenomenon was suggested to occur because Manasarovar basin is located in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau which has low latitude, high altitude, abundant glaciers, thin air and intensive solar radiation, resulting in higher evaporation in lake water.  相似文献   

Three‐dimensional Evolutionary Models of the Qiongxi Structures,Southwestern Sichuan Basin,China: Evidence from Seismic Interpretation and Geomorphology   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

JIA Qiupeng  JIA Dong  LUO Liang  CHEN Zhuxin  LI Yiquan  DENG Fei  SUN Shengsi  LI Haibin 《《地质学报》英文版》2009,83(2):372-385

Fold terminations are key features in the study of compressional fault-related folds. Such terminations could be due to loss of displacement on the thrust fault or/and forming a lateral or oblique ramp. Thus, high-quality seismic data would help unambiguously define which mechanism should be responsible for the termination of a given fault-related fold. The Qiongxi and Qiongxinan structures in the Sichuan Basin, China are examples of natural fault-propagation folds that possess a northern termination and a structural saddle between them. The folds/fault geometry and along-strike displacement variations are constrained by the industry 3-D seismic volume. We interpret that the plunge of the fold near the northern termination and the structural saddle are due to the loss of displacement along strike. The fault geometry associated with the northern termination changes from a flat-ramp at the crest of the Qiongxinan structure, where displacement is the greatest, to simply a ramp near the northern tip of the Qiongxi structure, without forming a lateral or oblique ramp. In this study, we also use the drainage pattern, embryonic structure preserved in the crest of the Qiongxinan structure and the assumption that displacement along a fault is proportional to the duration of thrusting to propose a model for the lateral propagation of the Qiongxinan and Qiongxi structures. Specifically, we suggest that the structure first initiated as an isolated fault ramp within brittle units. With increased shortening, the fault grows to link with lower detachments in weaker shale units to create a hybridized fault-propagation fold. Our model suggests a possible explanation for the lateral propagation history of the Qiongxinan and Qiongxi structures, and also provides an alternative approach to confirming the activity of the previous Pingluoba structure in the southwestern Sichuan Basin in the late Cenozoic.  相似文献   

塔中低凸起古生界构造特征及演化   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

丁长辉  周红波  路鹏程  吕东  鲜强  王熊飞 《大地构造与成矿学》2009,33(1)

塔中低凸起经历了多期构造运动的叠加和改造,古生界构造特征总体以南北对冲挤压为特点,形成南北两大弧形构造体系,在弧形构造体系上发育晚奥陶世台地边缘沉积。早海西期大规模逆冲逆掩构造由于受东西向区域应力不一致的控制,表现出一定程度的上下地质结构的变异,并形成了呈NNE走向的走滑断裂体系,控制了研究区纵向分层、南北分带、东西分块的构造格局。中新生代构造运动导致走滑断裂表现为西晚东早,东部定型于晚海西期,西部定型于喜山期。多期次的构造作用,使研究区发育挤压收缩构造、走滑压扭构造两大类基本构造样式。  相似文献   

龙门山前山断裂大地震原地重复发生的地质地貌证据   总被引：9，自引：7，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

陈立春  冉勇康  陈杰  王虎  史翔  刘进峰  董少鹏 《第四纪研究》2009,29(3):472-483

龙门山前山断裂大地震是原地重复发生的吗？针对这一问题,对前山断裂的同震地表形变带进行了追踪,并选择5.12汶川地震区九龙、白鹿以及汉旺等3个地点开展了古地震探槽研究工作。调查结果是： 前山断裂5.12地震地表形变带基本沿1 ∶200000地质图上先存基岩断裂发育,但仅限于通济－安昌以南段; 白鹿－八角一带同震地表形变带继承先存断层陡坎或断层沟谷发育; 偏离先存断裂而被一些学者视为断裂全新世活动重要证据的永安附近T1阶地上线性陡坎实为废弃河岸; 白鹿、汉旺探槽剖面揭示这两个地点5.12汶川地震之前至少有过一次古地震事件。这些研究结果表明前山断裂大地震是沿晚第四纪活动断裂原地重复发生的,此次地震是沿先存活动断裂又一次发生的大地震事件,为大地震原地复发模型提供了一个新的震例支持。在沿该断裂周边进行规划建设时应当合理避让。  相似文献   

龙门山小鱼洞断裂在汶川地震中的地表破裂及地质意义   总被引：8，自引：5，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

李勇  黄润秋  A.L.Densmore  周荣军  闫亮  张毅  N.Richardson  董顺利  乔宝成  M.A.Ellis  何玉林  陈浩  马博琳 《第四纪研究》2009,29(3):502-512

在龙门山中段小鱼洞地区映秀－北川断裂和彭县－灌县断裂发生了同震位移,同时在该地区新出现了一条北西向的同震破裂带——小鱼洞断裂的破裂带,并分割了两条近于平行的北东向逆冲－走滑型的主断裂。汶川特大地震发生后重点对小鱼洞断裂的地表破裂开展了详细的野外地质填图,利用全站仪和GPS对地表破裂进行了精确的测量。初步调查的结果表明,小鱼洞断裂位于映秀－北川断裂与彭县－灌县断裂之间,走向近于北西向,延伸约15km,以脆性破裂为特征,穿过小鱼洞大桥,并切割了多种类型的地貌单元,使道路发生拱曲、破坏和桥梁垮塌或移位。单个破裂长度在几米到300m不等,其南西盘为上升盘,北东盘为下降盘,平均垂直位错为1.0m,平均水平位错为2.3m,垂直与水平位错量之比1 ∶1～1 ∶2,显示为逆冲分量小于或等于左旋走滑分量,并以左旋走滑作用为主。同时,研究表明小鱼洞断裂属于映秀－北川断裂与彭县－灌县断裂之间的捩断层,其主要特征包括： 1)是在汶川地震中由于龙门山逆冲体之间的差异逆冲运动过程中而形成的断裂; 2)其走向近于北西向,垂直于龙门山北东向的主干断裂,而平行于逆冲体的逆冲运动方向; 3)具有高角度断面的断层,以左旋走滑作用为主。  相似文献   

Petroleum System in Deepwater Basins of the Northern South China Sea     

Lü Fuliang 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》2009,20(1)

The northern South China Sea margin has experienced a rifting stage and a post-rifting stage during the Cenozoic.In the rifting stage,the margin received lacustrine and shallow marine facies sediments.In the post-rifting thermal subsidence,the margin accumulated shallow marine facies and hemipelagic deposits,and the decpwater basins formed.Petroleum systems of deepwater setting have been imaged from seismic data and drill wells.Two kinds of source rocks including Paleogene lacustrine black shale and Oligocene-Early Miocene mudstone were developed in the deepwater basin of the South China Sea.The deepwater reservoirs are characterized by the deep sea channel fill,mass flow complexes and drowned reef carbonate platform.Profitable capping rocks on the top are mudstoues with huge thickness in the post-rifting stage.Meanwhile,the faults developed during the rifting stage provide a migration path favournble for the formation of reservoirs.The analysis of seismic and drilling data suggests that the joint structural and stratigraphic traps could form giant hydrocarbon fields and hydrocarbon reservoirs including syn-rifting graben subaqueous delta,decpwater submarine fan sandstone and reef carbonate reservoirs.  相似文献