Concentration of trace gases in the lower troposphere,simultaneously recorded at neighboring alpine stations Part III: Sulfur dioxide,nitrogen dioxide,nitric oxide     

Dr. R. Reiter  Dr. R. Sladkovic  Dr. H. -J. Kanter 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1987,37(2):114-128

Summary The importance of representative and long-term recordings of the trace gases SO₂, NO _x , and NO is explained. Recordings taken under different background conditions and, moreover, simultaneously at neighboring mountain stations, together with other meteorological parameters, are of special interest.The recording stations for the determination of the mentioned gases (a valley station at 740 m a.s.l., a nearby mountain station at 1780 m a.s.l.), the measuring methods, calibration procedures, and zero-air supply are described.The main part deals with the representation of consistent data of trace gases obtained at the two stations (NO only in the valley floor). Special attention was given not only to longterm trends but also to the seasonal and diurnal variations, and to the dependence of the gas concentrations on meteorological parameters. Only on the basis of such a parameterization, the time variations become understandable and the causes can be explained as well as possible. Finally, correlations between the concentrations of the different gas components are shown.With 15 Figures  相似文献   

Instability indices for the Cyprus area     

Dr. H. Michalopoulou  Dr. C. Jacovides 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1987,37(3):153-158

Summary In this paper, forecasts of thunderstorms for the Cyprus area, are examined, by using various instability indices. In addition, some combinations of the indices are proposed since they proved more successful in thunderstorms forecasting. A statistical method pointed out that the Pickup index (PI) and the suggested combination of the humidity index (HI) with cyclonic curved flow at 500 hPa are more successful than the other ones examined in this study.With 1 Figure  相似文献   

A simplified hydrodynamic mesoscale model suitable for use over high plateau regions     

R. Shen  Prof. Dr. Elmar R. Reiter  J. F. Bresch 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1986,34(3-4):251-296

Summary A simplified hydrodynamic primitive equation model in -coordinates is described. This model includes the main physical processes that influence development and motion of mesoscale vortices over plateau regions: elevated terrain effects, effects of large-scale and synoptic-scale systems on the mesoscale systems, sensible heating from the earth's surface, moisture cycle and condensation heating released by both large-scale stable precipitation and cumulus convective precipitation, evaporation and the feedback effect of precipitation on evaporation, friction in the planetary boundary layer, horizontal diffusion by subgrid scale eddies and vertical eddy flux of meteorological elements (momentum, temperature, moisture, etc.) due to turbulence, cumulus convection and other smaller-scale physical processes. The model incorporates observed data as much as possible and equations are simplified so that it may be run using either a high-speed computer or a desktop computer.Two developing vortices that originated over the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Platau and moved eastward producing heavy precipitation over the lower elevations are used to test the model. It is shown that the model is capable of simulating the major features of the vortices including the precipitation distribution and may be used for studies of mesoscale and synoptic scale weather systems over plateau regions.

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Ein vereinfachtes für hochländer geeignetes hydrodynamisches mesoscale-modell

Zusammenfassung Es wird ein vereinfachtes hydrodynamisches Grundgleichungsmodell in -Koordinaten be schrieben. Dieses Modell beinhaltet die wichtigsten physikalischen Prozesse, die die Entwicklung und Bewegung von mesoskaligen Wirbeln über Hochplateaus beeinflussen: Effekte der Hochfläche, Effekte von großräumigen und synoptischen Systemen, die fühlbare Wärme von der Erdoberfläche, den Feuchtigkeitskreislauf und die Kondensationswärme, sowohl von großräumigen als auch von Konvektionsniederschlägen, die Evaporation und die Beeinflussung der Evaporation durch den Niederschlag, die Reibung in der planetaren Grenzschicht, die horizontale Diffusion durch Turbulenzen, die kleiner als die Gitterkonstante sind und den vertikalen Fluß meteorologischer Elemente (Impuls, Temperatur, Feuchte etc.) durch Turbulenzen, Konvektion und andere kleinräumige Prozesse. In das Modell sind die Beobachtungswerte weitestgehend integriert und die Gleichungen soweit vereinfacht, daß es sowohl auf einem Hochleistungs- als auch auf einem Mikrocomputer laufen kann.Zum Testen des Modells wurden zwei sich entwickelnde Wirbel verwendet, die vom Qinghai-Xizang-Plateu (Hochland von Tibet) ausgingen, sich ostwärts bewegten und dabei zu schweren Niederschlägen in den Tiefländern führten. Es wird gezeigt, daß das Modell die wichtigsten Eigenschaften der Wirbel und die Niederschlagsverteilung simulieren und für Untersuchungen von mesoskaligen und synoptischen Wettersystemen über Hochländern herangezogen werden kann.

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With 18 figures  相似文献   

Scavenging of airborne particles by collision with water drops —model studies on the combined effect of essential microdynamic mechanisms     

Prof. Dr. F. Herbert  Dr. K. D. Beheng 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1986,35(4):201-211

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A study of interacting multi-scale wind systems,Canterbury plains,New Zealand     

Dr. I. G. McKendry  A. P. Sturman  I. F. Owens 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1986,35(4):242-252

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Gleichzeitigkeit von Nord- und Südföhn bei einer Westlage     

Dr. Karl Frey 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1986,34(3-4):349-366

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On the sea level pressure of the southern oscillation     

Prof. Dr. T. N. Krishnamurti  Messrs. Shao-Hang Chu  W. Iglesias 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1986,34(3-4):385-425

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Further aspects of Sahelian drought as evident from rainfall regime of Nigeria     

Prof. Dr. D. O. Adefolalu 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1986,36(3-4):277-295

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Industrial decentralisation in South Africa: tool of Apartheid or spontaneous restructuring?     

Dr. Paul Wellings  Mr. Anthony Black 《GeoJournal》1986,12(2):137-149

Industrial decentralisation (ID) has been a central component of South Africa's regional strategy for over twenty years. Until recently, though, the programme has evinced little interest amongst industrialists. The fact that ID policy has been premised upon political rather than economic considerations has been thought to lie at the root of this failure. Following recent developments, however, this view is being reassessed. The reorganisation of ID policy in 1982 and the dramatic acceleration in the rate of industrial relocations that this reorganisation appears to have induced, has led theorists to revise their thinking on both the economic and political imperatives underpinning the programme. The purpose of this paper is to review the debates that are now developing concerning ID in South Africa, and to suggest where further research and analysis might be most profitably directed.  相似文献   

Transport and economic development in the less-developed countries: Some reflections on the seaports of Kenya and Tanzania     

Brian Stewart Hoyle Dr. 《GeoJournal》1986,12(3):233-242

The significant role of transport in the development of less-developed countries is widely accepted, but the critical importance of seaports is often under-appreciated. Evidence from the Indian Ocean ports of Kenya and Tanzania is used in this paper to illustrate and support the argument that efficient port operation is an essential contributory factor in the development process.  相似文献