Trade, transport, and sinks extend the carbon dioxide responsibility of countries: An editorial essay   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Glen P. Peters  Gregg Marland  Edgar G. Hertwich  Laura Saikku  Aapo Rautiainen  Pekka E. Kauppi 《Climatic change》2009,93(3-4):379-388

Sea-level rise (SLR) due to climate change is a serious global threat: The scientific evidence is now overwhelming. Continued growth of greenhouse gas emissions and associated global warming could well promote SLR of 1 m in this century, and unexpectedly rapid breakup of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets might produce a 3–5 m SLR. In this paper, we assess the consequences of continued SLR for 84 coastal developing countries. Geographic Information System (GIS) software has been used to overlay the best available, spatially disaggregated global data on critical impact elements (land, population, agriculture, urban extent, wetlands, and GDP), with the inundation zones projected for 1–5 m SLR. Our results reveal that tens of millions of people in the developing world are likely to be displaced by SLR within this century; and accompanying economic and ecological damage will be severe for many. At the country level results are extremely skewed, with severe impacts limited to a relatively small number of countries.  相似文献   

The spray contribution to net evaporation from the sea: A review of recent progress   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Edgar L Andreas  James B. Edson  Edward C. Monahan  Mathieu P. Rouault  Stuart D. Smith 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1995,72(1-2):3-52

The part that sea spray plays in the air-sea transfer of heat and moisture has been a controversial question for the last two decades. With general circulation models (GCMs) suggesting that perturbations in the Earth's surface heat budget of only a few W m^–2 can initiate major climatic variations, it is crucial that we identify and quantify all the terms in that heat budget. Thus, here we review recent work on how sea spray contributes to the sea surface heat and moisture budgets. In the presence of spray, the near-surface atmosphere is characterized by a droplet evaporation layer (DEL) with a height that scales with the significant-wave amplitude. The majority of spray transfer processes occur within this layer. As a result, the DEL is cooler and more moist than the atmospheric surface layer would be under identical conditions but without the spray. Also, because the spray in the DEL provides elevated sources and sinks for heat and moisture, the vertical heat fluxes are no longer constant with height. We use Eulerian and Lagrangian models and a simple analytical model to study the processes important in spray droplet dispersion and evaporation within this DEL. These models all point to the conclusion that, in high winds (above about 15 m/s), sea spray begins to contribute significantly to the air-sea fluxes of heat and moisture. For example, we estimate that, in a 20-m/s wind, with an air temperature of 20°C, a sea surface temperature of 22°C, and a relative humidity of 80%, the latent and sensible heat fluxes resulting from the spray alone will have magnitudes of order 150 and 15 W/m², respectively, in the DEL. Finally, we speculate on what fraction of these fluxes rise out of the DEL and, thus, become available to the entire marine boundary layer.  相似文献   

Role of subduction in the genesis of leucite-bearing rocks: Discussion     

A. D. Edgar 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1980,73(4):429-431

Conclusions The examples given above indicate a strong possibility of a genetic connection between high K volcanic rocks and subduction related processes, and suggest that the statements quoted from Cundari (1979) in the first paragraph of this paper cannot be substantiated. The origin of the high K rocks has been, and remains, one of the most puzzling problems in petrology. Petrologists are not yet in a position to exclude any aspects of their genesis as Cundari's statements imply.  相似文献   

Mineral chemistry and petrogenesis of an ultrapotassic-ultramafic volcanic rock     

A. D. Edgar 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1979,71(2):171-175

Compositions of the major phenocryst minerals (olivine, phlogopite) and groundmass minerals (olivine, phlogopite, kalsilite), and a glass phase have been determined from a biotite mafurite occurring as an ejected block in the highly K-rich ultramafic rocks of south west Uganda. Comparison of the phenocryst mineral compositions with those determined from recent high pressure experiments on biotite mafurite composition suggests this rock may have formed by partial melting of a K-enriched mantle source containing both H₂O and CO₂ at approximately 1,250 ° C and 30 kb. The absence of crystalline leucite but its presence as a major component of the glass phase and textural relations in the groundmass indicate that the final consolidation of the biotite mafurite took place at pressures greater than atmospheric. The presence of phlogopite, olivine, kalsilite, and glass mainly of leucite composition may suggest that consolidation took place under the conditions where these phases were in equilibrium. Based on the experimentally determined conditions for the reaction of phlogopite break down to olivine+kalsilite +liquid+vapor, a crude estimation of the consolidation conditions for ejected blocks of biotite mafurite are 1,150 °–1,180 ° C at a of 1–2 kb.  相似文献   

Comparison of melting relationships of some plutonic and volcanic peralkaline undersaturated rocks     

A.D. Edgar  L.M. Parker 《Lithos》1974,7(4):263-273

From previous studies and from results of melting and crystallization sequences determined for four plutonic rocks and for four glass-bearing volcanic rocks all with peralkaline chemistry, the degree of peralkalinity, ZrO₂, TiO₂, F and Cl contents of the plutonic and holocrystalline volcanic rocks can be correlated with their melting intervals. This correlation does not hold for the glassy volcanic rocks. Analyses of whole rock and coexisting glasses suggest that rapidly chilled peralkaline volcanics may behave differently from holocrystalline peralkaline rocks due to different cooling rates causing variations in the distribution of volatiles such as Cl, between liquid and solid phases of the crystallizing melt.  相似文献   

A high pressure experimental study on a magnesian-rich leucite-lamproite from the West Kimberley area,Australia: petrogenetic implications     

Makoto Arima  Alan D. Edgar 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1983,84(2-3):228-234

Liquidus and subliquidus phase relations of a leucite-lamproite (wolgidite) from the West Kimberley area, Australia have been studied experimentally under the volatile conditions of 3.22 wt.% H₂O ( \(X_{CO_2 }\) =0.11) and 13.0 wt.% H₂O ( \(X_{CO_2 }\) =0.03) between 10 to 40 kbar. Under these conditions, liquids are vapour undersaturated. In experiments with 13.0 wt.% H₂O, olivine is the liquidus phase up to 24 kbar and orthopyroxene above 24 kbar. Phlogopite and rutile occur close to the liquidus above 16 kbar. Crystallization temperatures of clinopyroxenes are 50–120° C below the liquidus. Based on these results, wolgidite magma is unlikely to be a partial melt of a garnet- or spinel-lherzolite mantle but could be derived from phlogopite+rutile±olivine±or-thopyroxene assemblages occurring as metasomatized mantle.  相似文献   

Impacts of the Jessica oil spill on intertidal and shallow subtidal plants and animals     

Edgar GJ  Kerrison L  Shepherd SA  Veronica Toral-Granda M 《Marine pollution bulletin》2003,47(7-8):276-283

Densities of fishes, invertebrates and plants at rocky intertidal and shallow subtidal sites were censused 1-2 days prior to the Jessica oil spill and compared with information obtained for the same sites one month after the spill, both for sites impacted by oil and unaffected reference sites. While the availability of pre-spill data made this analysis one of the most powerful to date for testing impacts of oil on shoreline environments, no clear changes attributable to oiling could be identified. Discharged oil appeared to cause very little impact in the intertidal and shallow subtidal zones, with such impacts lying within the range of natural spatial and temporal variation at sites investigated. Factors considered to minimize impact in Galápagos included paucity of fully sheltered shores in spill path, moderate wave action, warm temperature, high levels of sunlight, and mixing of bunker oil with diesel.  相似文献   

The effect of the Jessica grounding on subtidal invertebrate and plant communities at the Galápagos wreck site     

Marshall PA  Edgar GJ 《Marine pollution bulletin》2003,47(7-8):284-295

Impacts of the grounding of the oil tanker Jessica off San Cristóbal island, Galápagos, included both effects of oil on biota and also mechanical effects associated with a shallow furrow 50 m x 30 m gouged across the rocky seafloor and wreckage strewn over 7500 m(2). The wreckage represented a minor but potentially chronic source of pollution to the surrounding environment through delayed releases of oil, antifouling compounds and other toxic chemicals, and a possible source of exotic marine taxa. Investigation at the wreck site indicated that impacts on subtidal plant and macro-invertebrate communities were largely confined within 100 m of the wreck site itself. Observed population effects included significant increases in cover of opportunistic algae (filamentous green algae, filamentous red algae and Ulva sp.) and the hydroid Ectopleura media adjacent to the wreck, while densities of the green sea urchin Lytechinus semituberculatus significantly decreased from 0.3 m(-2) adjacent to the wreck to 11 m(-2) at 100 m distance.  相似文献   

Effects of the Jessica oil spill on artisanal fisheries in the Galápagos     

Born AF  Espinoza E  Murillo JC  Nicolaides F  Edgar GJ 《Marine pollution bulletin》2003,47(7-8):319-324

In contrast to local perceptions, the impact on the local Galápagos artisanal fishery of the 16 January 2001 grounding of the Jessica and subsequent oil spill was relatively minor. No significant changes in fishing effort, total fishing catches or catch-per-unit effort were detected after the spill based on analyses of fisheries monitoring data. Nevertheless, large boats tended to move away from sites near the path of the spill following the grounding in 2001, with no fishing recorded from the oil-affected regions of Floreana and southern Isabela in February 2001. The total fishing effort of small boats operating from the Jessica-grounding island of San Cristóbal also declined immediately after the spill, probably in part because such boats were used in clean up operations. During 2001, prices paid to fishers remained stable at levels higher than in 2000, with the notable anomaly that prices fell precipitously to 30% of previous levels during a 1-2 week period in early February 2001. Fish exports remained at similar levels for the years 2000 and 2001; however, as in the previous year, little fish product was exported from Galápagos in the month following the spill, with most fish product dried and stored for up to two months prior to transport to the continent.  相似文献   

Gondwana 11: Correlations and Connections - Introduction     

Bryan C. Storey  N. Hiller  N. Mortimer  H.J. Campbell  T.A. Moore 《Gondwana Research》2004,7(1):3-5

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