An Independent Method to Determine the Height of the Mixed Layer   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2  

Xiaohu Liu  Eiji Ohtaki 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1997,85(3):497-504

A method for the independent evaluation ofmixed-layer (ML) height, zi, has beenproposed. The ML height is determined bythe functional relationshipszi = 0.75 z/nv max or 0.53 z/nu max in which, z is a measuring height; nv max and nu max are normalized peak frequencies of lateral velocity component, v, and longitudinal velocity component, u, spectra at height z in the surface layer respectively. Using Doppler sodar data, the technique was shown to be feasible; it is easy to apply to micro-meteorological field experiments and works even for the ML top above the range of the sodar.  相似文献   

Elasticity of MgSiO₃ in the ilmenite phase     

Donald J. Weidner  Eiji Ito 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1985,40(1):65-70

The single-crystal elastic moduli of the ilmenite phase of MgSiO₃ have been determined from Brillouin spectroscopy. They are: C₁₁ = 472, C₁₂ = 168, C₃₃ = 382, C₁₃ = 70, C₄₄ = 106, C₁₄ = ?27, C₆₆ = 152 and C₂₅ = ?24 in GPa. These elastic properties are consistent with a structural mechanical model where the silicon octahedra are very stiff under compression and shear. This latter property yields an unexpectedly high shear modulus for the magnesium silicate ilmenite as compared with analogue compounds. The further transformation to perovskite will probably be associated with a significant increase in elastic properties since the strong silicon polyhedra form a structural network in this phase. The transformation of spinel and stishovite to ilmenite is associated with a slight density increase and a slight decrease in acoustic velocities. This transformation will probably not produce a seismic discontinuity even if it does occur in the Earth's mantle.  相似文献   

The budget of carbon dioxide variance in the surface layer over vegetated fields     

Eiji Ohtaki 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1984,29(3):251-261

The budget equation for carbon dioxide variance can be represented by production, dissipation and flux divergence terms. Each term is measured under near neutral to moderately unstable conditions over vegetated fields. The flux divergence term is about an order of magnitude smaller than production and dissipation terms, though it shows a loss for 0.006 < _v < 1 and a gain for 1 < - _v < 10. Here, _v is the Monin-Obukhov stability parameter including humidity effect. As expected from a closure of the budget, the nondimensional production and dissipation terms are basically identical and represented by the same functional form: (1–16 _v )^–1/2.  相似文献   

Composition of the core,II. Effect of high pressure on solubility of FeO in molten iron     

E. Ohtani  A.E. Ringwood  W. Hibberson 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1984,71(1):94-103

An experimental and theoretical investigation of the effect of pressure on the solubility of FeO in molten iron has been carried out. Analyses of shock-wave compression data on iron oxides combined with measurements of the FeO bond length in “metallic” oxides suggest that the partial molar volume of FeO(V^*) dissolved in molten iron is substantially smaller than that of molten wüstite. Hence the effect of high pressure should be to increase the solubility of FeO in molten iron at a given temperature. This inference is confirmed by an experimental investigation of the effect of pressure on the position of the FeFeO eutectic. Thermodynamic calculations based on these experiments yield an estimate forV^* which is in reasonable agreement with the theoretical estimates. The experimental value ofV^* is used to calculate the effect of high pressure upon the FeFeO phase diagram. Solubility of FeO in molten iron increases sharply with pressure, the liquid immiscibility region contracts and disappears around 20 GPa and it is predicted that the FeFeO phase diagram should resemble a simple eutectic system above about 20 GPa. Analogous calculations predict that the solubility of FeO in molten iron in equilibrium with magnesiowüstite (Mg_0.8Fe_0.2)O at 2500°C increase from 14 mol.%(P = 0) to above 25 mol.% at 20 GPa. If the core formed by segregation of metallic iron originally dispersed throughout the earth, it seems inevitable that it would dissolved large amounts of FeO, thereby accounting for the observation that the density of the outer core is substantially smaller than that of pure iron under correspondingP, T conditions.  相似文献   

Pressure dependence of electrical conductivity of (Mg,Fe)SiO<Subscript>3</Subscript> ilmenite     

Tomoo Katsura  Sho Yokoshi  Kazuyuki Kawabe  Anton Shatskiy  Maki Okube  Hiroshi Fukui  Eiji Ito  Akifumi Nozawa  Ken-ichi Funakoshi 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2007,34(4):249-255

The electrical conductivity of (Mg_0.93Fe_0.07)SiO₃ ilmenite was measured at temperatures of 500–1,200 K and pressures of 25–35 GPa in a Kawai-type multi-anvil apparatus equipped with sintered diamond anvils. In order to verify the reliability of this study, the electrical conductivity of (Mg_0.93Fe_0.07)SiO₃ perovskite was also measured at temperatures of 500–1,400 K and pressures of 30–35 GPa. The pressure calibration was carried out using in situ X-ray diffraction of MgO as pressure marker. The oxidation conditions of the samples were controlled by the Fe disk. The activation energy at zero pressure and activation volume for ilmenite are 0.82(6) eV and −1.5(2) cm³/mol, respectively. Those for perovskite were 0.5(1) eV and −0.4(4) cm³/mol, respectively, which are in agreement with the experimental results reported previously. It is concluded that ilmenite conductivity has a large pressure dependence in the investigated P–T range.  相似文献   

Neutron diffraction study of aluminous hydroxide δ-AlOOD     

C. B. Vanpeteghem  A. Sano  K. Komatsu  E. Ohtani  A. Suzuki 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2007,34(9):657-661

We have determined the position of deuterium atoms in δ-AlOOD by neutron powder diffraction at ambient pressure. As previously reported by theoretical and experimental studies, the deuterium atoms are located in the tunnel formed by the chains of AlO₆ octahedra. The data are best fit with the P2₁ nm structure, producing bond lengths of D–O1 of 1.552(2) Å, O2–D of 1.020(2) Å and O1–O2 of 2.571(2). This study confirms that the hydrogen bond is asymmetric at ambient conditions in agreement with recent single-crystal synchrotron study for δ-AlOOH.  相似文献   

Phytoremediation of shallow organically enriched marine sediments using benthic microalgae     

Yamamoto T  Goto I  Kawaguchi O  Minagawa K  Ariyoshi E  Matsuda O 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,57(1-5):108-115

We examined whether replantation of benthic microalgae (BMA) can remediate shallow organically enriched sediment. Nitzschia sp., the dominant species in the tested area (Hiroshima Bay, Japan), was isolated and mass cultured, then replanted in the same area. Changes in the condition of the sediment were monitored for five months. During the study period, we observed an increase in redox potential (ORP) and a decrease in acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) in the experimental area, indicating that the sediment condition changed from reduced to oxic. Organic matter in the sediment, represented by chemical oxygen demand (COD), ignition loss (IL) and organic nitrogen (ON) decreased significantly, while inorganic nutrients (ammonia and phosphate) increased in the interstitial water. These changes imply that oxygen produced by the replanted BMA may have enhanced aerobic bacterial activity, accelerating the decomposition of organic matter. Thus, replantation of BMA shows potential as a novel and promising "phytoremediation" method for organically enriched sediment.  相似文献   

越南红河三角洲近五千年来的几个降温事件     

李珍  臧家业  SAITO Yoshiki  徐小薇  王永吉  MATSUMOTO Eiji  张志英 《海洋科学进展》2005,23(1):43-53

根据对越南红河三角洲的2个钻孔的孢粉分析结果，结合沉积特征和高精度的AMS^14C测年数据，恢复了近五千年来百年一千年尺度的气候变化，发现了3个分别开始于4530cal．aBP，2100cal．aBP和620cal．aBP的明显降温事件，其中4530cal．aBP和620cal．aBP降温事件可与全球全新世气候变冷事件中的“新冰期(Neoglacial)”和“小冰期(Little Ice Age)”相对应，可能与由北大西洋地区几个短期变冷事件的全球气候响应机制有关。3340cal．aBP以来，人类干扰性植物成分的增加，表明人类活动对自然植被的影响改造作用增强，因此，本研究中气候的降温事件不排除人类影响的因素，仍需要进一步深入研究。  相似文献   

Predicting forest fire in the Brazilian Amazon using MODIS imagery and artificial neural networks     

Eduardo Eiji Maeda  Antonio Roberto Formaggio  Yosio Edemir Shimabukuro  Gustavo Felipe Balué Arcoverde  Matthew C. Hansen 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2009

The presented work describes a methodology that employs artificial neural networks (ANN) and multi-temporal imagery from the MODIS/Terra-Aqua sensors to detect areas of high risk of forest fire in the Brazilian Amazon. The hypothesis of this work is that due to characteristic land use and land cover change dynamics in the Amazon forest, forest areas likely to be burned can be separated from other land targets. A study case was carried out in three municipalities located in northern Mato Grosso State, Brazilian Amazon. Feedforward ANNs, with different architectures, were trained with a backpropagation algorithm, taking as inputs the NDVI values calculated from MODIS imagery acquired during five different periods preceding the 2005 fire season. Selected samples were extracted from areas where forest fires were detected in 2005 and from other non-burned forest and agricultural areas. These samples were used to train, validate and test the ANN. The results achieved a mean squared error of 0.07. In addition, the model was simulated for an entire municipality and its results were compared with hotspots detected by the MODIS sensor during the year. A histogram analysis showed that the spatial distribution of the areas with fire risk were consistent with the fire events observed from June to December 2005. The ANN model allowed a fast and relatively precise method to predict forest fire events in the studied area. Hence, it offers an excellent alternative for supporting forest fire prevention policies, and in assisting the assessment of burned areas, reducing the uncertainty involved in currently used methods.  相似文献   

Landslide inventory using image fusion techniques in Brazil     

Emerson Vieira Marcelino  Antonio Roberto Formaggio  Eduardo Eiji Maeda 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2009

The present work aims to assess the accuracy of six fusion techniques (Brovey, IHS, HSV, PCA, WTYO and WTVE) in order to compile landslide inventories using orbital images (ETM+ and PAN HRV). The study area is characterized by steep terrain and dense forest in Caraguatatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil. In terms of spatial quality, the Wavelet Transform technique provided the best results, presenting correlations above 90%. As for spectral quality, the best results were obtained with the IHS fusion. Based on the results, it may be concluded that the IHS is the best technique for preserving spatial and spectral information from the original images, so as to more clearly identify landslide scars. However, it was still not possible to typify the landslides from remote sensing data. Nonetheless, it is believed that image fusion techniques adequately met expectations in terms of their capacity to identify landslide for the creation of an inventory for the studied area.  相似文献