Replacement of glass in the Nakhla meteorite by berthierine: Implications for understanding the origins of aluminum‐rich phyllosilicates on Mars          下载免费PDF全文

Martin R. Lee  Elias Chatzitheodoridis 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2016,51(9):1643-1653

A scanning and transmission electron microscope study of aluminosilicate glasses within melt inclusions from the Martian meteorite Nakhla shows that they have been replaced by berthierine, an aluminum‐iron serpentine mineral. This alteration reaction was mediated by liquid water that gained access to the glasses along fractures within enclosing augite and olivine grains. Water/rock ratios were low, and the aqueous solutions were circumneutral and reducing. They introduced magnesium and iron that were sourced from the dissolution of olivine, and exported alkalis. Berthierine was identified using X‐ray microanalysis and electron diffraction. It is restricted in its occurrence to parts of the melt inclusions that were formerly glass, thus showing that under the ambient physico‐chemical conditions, the mobility of aluminum and silicon were low. This discovery of serpentine adds to the suite of postmagmatic hydrous silicates in Nakhla that include saponite and opal‐A. Such a variety of secondary silicates indicates that during aqueous alteration compositionally distinct microenvironments developed on sub‐millimeter length scales. The scarcity of berthierine in Nakhla is consistent with results from orbital remote sensing of the Martian crust showing very low abundances of aluminum‐rich phyllosilicates.  相似文献   

Assessing water stress in Mediterranean lotic systems: insights from an artificially intermittent river in Greece     

Nikolaos Th. Skoulikidis  Leonidas Vardakas  Ioannis Karaouzas  Alcibiades N. Economou  Elias Dimitriou  Stamatis Zogaris 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2011,73(4):581-597

Water stress in Mediterranean countries is the result of both variable and changing climatic conditions and widespread anthropogenic pressures. Evrotas, an intermittent river located in Southern Greece, was used as a case study to assess the impacts of water stress on Mediterranean lotic ecosystems. Based on hydrological analyses, it was revealed that during prolonged drought years, such as the summers of 2007 and 2008, the vast majority of the Evrotas riverbed was completely desiccated, primarily as a result of substantial water abstraction for irrigation. The effects of desiccation on the riverine ecosystem were evaluated using fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages according to the demands of the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC (WFD). Faunal responses to water stress were assessed through comparisons of assemblages attributes in perennial and intermittent reaches and pre-drought versus post-drought communities. Effects of hydrological disturbance on fish species richness, density, percentage composition and size structure were more pronounced in intermittent than in perennial sites. The most obvious and immediate impact was the elimination of populations in the intermittent reaches. However, upon flow resumption, the recolonisation from upstream perennial reaches began, thereby permitting partial re-establishment of the depleted fish communities. Nevertheless, the structural integrity of fish communities remained severely impacted and recovery was markedly slow. On the contrary, post-drought macroinvertebrate assemblages were not affected by summer droughts, and the recruitment processes were rapid after flow resumption. Our findings point to the necessity of establishing a distinction between naturally and artificially driven intermittent rivers. We, therefore, propose the introduction of an “artificially intermittent Mediterranean river” condition within the context of the WFD assessment applications.  相似文献   

Long-term variation of the semiannual amplitude in the aa index     

Ana G. Elias  Virginia M. Silbergleit  Alicia L. Clua de Gonzalez 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2011,73(11-12):1492-1499

The long-term variation of the semiannual amplitude in the geomagnetic activity index aa is analyzed with the purpose of contributing to the understanding of solar variability, directly linked to geomagnetic variability. The time series of the semiannual oscillation amplitude, obtained through a wavelet analysis of the daily aa series, presents a long-term variation similar to that shown by solar and geomagnetic indices, like aa itself or Dst. However, the maximum in the semiannual amplitude series occurs around 1947, almost 10 years before it occurs in solar and geomagnetic indices time series. The phase of the semiannual oscillation fluctuates around the values predicted by the equinoctial and Russell–McPherron models, with a predominance of the equinoctial mechanism during the period of maximum semiannual amplitude. A possible source of changes in the equinoctial mechanism would be the secular variation of the Earth's dipole tilt. But, since it does not follow the semiannual amplitude trend, at first sight, it seems not to be responsible for the equinoctial predominance around 1947. The analysis of quiet and disturbed days separately indicates that only disturbed days present the semiannual annual amplitude maximum around 1947, so the 10 year time shift could be due to the mechanism responsible for the semiannual variation in geomagnetically active periods.  相似文献   

Site selection for managed aquifer recharge using fuzzy rules: integrating geographical information system (GIS) tools and multi-criteria decision making     

Bahram Malekmohammadi  Majid Ramezani Mehrian  Hamid Reza Jafari 《Hydrogeology Journal》2012,20(7):1393-1405

One of the most important water-resources management strategies for arid lands is managed aquifer recharge (MAR). In establishing a MAR scheme, site selection is the prime prerequisite that can be assisted by geographic information system (GIS) tools. One of the most important uncertainties in the site-selection process using GIS is finite ranges or intervals resulting from data classification. In order to reduce these uncertainties, a novel method has been developed involving the integration of multi-criteria decision making (MCDM), GIS, and a fuzzy inference system (FIS). The Shemil-Ashkara plain in the Hormozgan Province of Iran was selected as the case study; slope, geology, groundwater depth, potential for runoff, land use, and groundwater electrical conductivity have been considered as site-selection factors. By defining fuzzy membership functions for the input layers and the output layer, and by constructing fuzzy rules, a FIS has been developed. Comparison of the results produced by the proposed method and the traditional simple additive weighted (SAW) method shows that the proposed method yields more precise results. In conclusion, fuzzy-set theory can be an effective method to overcome associated uncertainties in classification of geographic information data.  相似文献   

RC buildings retrofitted by converting frame bays into RC walls   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Michael N. Fardis  Antonis Schetakis  Elias Strepelias 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2013,11(5):1541-1561

Adding concrete walls by infilling certain frame bays with reinforced concrete is popular for seismic retrofitting, but is covered by codes only if the connection of the old concrete to the new ensures monolithic behavior. To avoid penalizing the foundation of the new wall with a very high moment resistance, the new concrete should not be thicker than, or surround, the old frame members. A cost-effective connection of these members to a thin new web is proposed, alongside a design procedure and detailing that conform to current codes. Owing to practical difficulties, footings of added walls are often small and weakly connected to the other footings, hence they uplift and rock during the earthquake. The model for uplift of 3D footings consists of two pairs of nonlinear-elastic springs in a cross layout and approximates also moderate nonlinearities in the soil continuum. It is used in nonlinear, static or dynamic, analyses of three buildings with added walls. The analyses of a clean, regular 4-story building show the benefit from uplift to the added walls and a certain adverse effect on some columns but not on beams, as well as the lack of a clear positive effect of tie-beams. The application to a 7-story and a 2-story real building with extreme, yet typical, irregularities in plan and elevation exemplifies the real-life restrictions in the use of added walls and shows their limits for the improvement of seismic performance; certain deficiencies in flexure or shear remain in both and are corrected at very low cost with local fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) jackets without new analysis of the building, as FRPs do not change the member effective stiffness or moment resistance.  相似文献   

X-ray emission from dwarf galaxies: IC 2574 revisited     

Elias Brinks  Fabian Walter  Jürgen Kerp 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2003,284(2):627-630

Until recently, few unequivocal detections had been reported of the hot, X-ray emitting gas thought to be associated with the large, coherent structures variously described as supershells or superbubbles in dwarf irregular (dIrr) galaxies. In this contribution we report follow-up XMM-Newton and Chandra observations of our ROSAT detection of X-ray emission associated with the supergiant shell in the nearby dIrr galaxy IC 2574, a member of the M 81 group of galaxies. The spectral properties of the X-ray source suggest that we are dealing with a young (age < 2000 yr) supernova remnant (SNR). This SNR is most likely one of the many supernovae which have exploded in that region and which have created the impressive supergiant HI shell. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Spatial–temporal variations of water vapor content over Ethiopia: a study using GPS observations and the ECMWF model     

Abraha  Kibrom Ebuy  Lewi  Elias  Masson  Frédéric  Boy  Jean-Paul  Doubre  Cécile 《GPS Solutions》2017,21(1):89-99

GPS Solutions - We characterize the spatial–temporal variability of integrated water vapor (IWV) in Ethiopia from a network of global positioning system (GPS) stations and the European Center...  相似文献   

Uncertainty quantification in numerical simulation of particle-laden flows     

Gabriel M. Guerra  Souleymane Zio  Jose J. Camata  Jonas Dias  Renato N. Elias  Marta Mattoso  Paulo L. B. Paraizo  Alvaro L. G. A. Coutinho  Fernando A. Rochinha 《Computational Geosciences》2016,20(1):265-281

Numerical models can help to push forward the knowledge about complex dynamic physical systems. Modern approaches employ detailed mathematical models, taking into consideration inherent uncertainties on input parameters (phenomenological parameters or boundary and initial conditions, among others). Particle-laden flows are complex physical systems found in nature, generated due to the (possible small) spatial variation on the fluid density promoted by the carried particles. They are one of the main mechanisms responsible for the deposition of sediments on the seabed. A detailed understanding of particle-laden flows, often referred to as turbidity currents, helps geologists to understand the mechanisms that give rise to reservoirs, strategic in oil exploration. Uncertainty quantification (UQ) provides a rational framework to assist in this task, by combining sophisticated computational models with a probabilistic perspective in order to deepen the knowledge about the physics of the problem and to access the reliability of the results obtained with numerical simulations. This work presents a stochastic analysis of sediment deposition resulting from a turbidity current considering uncertainties on the initial sediment concentrations and particles settling velocities. The statistical moments of the deposition mapping, like other important features of the currents, are approximated by a Sparse Grid Stochastic Collocation method that employ a parallel flow solver for the solution of the deterministic problems associated to the grid points. The whole procedure is supported and steered by a scientific workflow management engine designed for high performance computer applications.  相似文献   

Effects of climate change on the distribution of indigenous species in oceanic islands (Azores)     

Maria Teresa Ferreira  Pedro Cardoso  Paulo A.V. Borges  Rosalina Gabriel  Eduardo Brito de Azevedo  Francisco Reis  Miguel B. Araújo  Rui Bento Elias 《Climatic change》2016,138(3-4):603-615

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Stability of Solution Cavities in Urban Developments: A Case Study Towards Enhancing Geohazard Risk Assessment     

Hesham El Ganainy  M. Melih Demirkan  Juan Jose Gutierrez  Raghav Ramanathan  Bulent Hatipoglu  Mazen Elias Adib  Daniel Barton 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2016,34(1):125-141

Karst cavities in fissured soluble rock represent serious geotechnical hazard for civil construction and urban development. The process of cavity formation, expansion, and propagation is difficult to predict because it is driven by a combination of diverse causes, such as the dissolution rate of rock; flow of groundwater; amount of fine material within rock layers; presence of loose, uncontrolled fill over the rock; and the leakage of underground utilities. Several factors can affect cavity stability, including cavity geometry and dimensions, cavity depth, overburden surface-layer lithology, and surface-loading conditions. This paper presents a case study for karst cavities stability in the Abu Dhabi Municipality (ADM) of the United Arab Emirates as part of a comprehensive study initiated by the ADM to address the geotechnical, geologic, and hydrogeological hazards encountered in the municipality. The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology for assessing karst cavities stability in the ADM, and thereby, quantify their potential hazard for civil construction and urban development in the municipality. A numerical study is performed, using a finite difference model that is based on site-specific ground conditions encountered in a localized area. Results from this numerical investigation are presented in the form of stability charts for different lithologic and surface-loading conditions. These charts are used to develop a set of geographic information system cavity-collapse geohazard maps for the study area to factor solution cavity-collapse risk into an integrated geohazard map for the ADM. Based on available information and the case study presented herein, it is concluded that the collapse of solution cavities do not significantly contribute to the geotechnical hazard observed in the ADM.  相似文献