The oceans and the physics of the Earth     

A.M. Cook   《Tectonophysics》1984,105(1-4)

The Earth is the only terrestrial planet to have seas, by which it is covered to the extent of seventy percent. The oceans determine the climate of the Earth and it is through them that life and civilization have evolved, but they also have major influence on physical processes in the solid Earth. Tidal friction leads to the Earth's spin slowing down with a consequent recession of the Moon from the Earth, while the presence of the oceans controls the tectonic evolution of the Earth through the formation of oceanic crust, the erosion of land and the accumulation of sediment, the formation of mountains and the establishment of isostatic balance.  相似文献   

Provincialism and correlations between some properties of vitrinites     

John M. Jones  Alan Davis  Alan C. Cook  Duncan G. Murchison  Ernest Scott 《International Journal of Coal Geology》1984,3(4):315-331

Optical and chemical properties for hand-picked samples of vitrinite from a number of British coalfields are correlated and the correlations compared with previously published data. The form of the relationship found for the properties of British vitrinites is generally similar to that exhibited by a number of other sets of analyses, but some significant differences also exist in several of the correlations. For maximum reflectance as a function of carbon content, the present data indicate that at medium and low ranks, maximum reflectance is lower than the level suggested by most previous studies. The relationships of volatile-matter yield to reflectance and carbon content suggest that at low ranks, volatile-matter yield is strongly dependent upon the nature of the coalification history of the vitrinite. Furthermore, these correlations are likely to show provincialism, in that correlations which hold for one coalfield may not be representative of the relationship in other coalfields. Similarly, major differences in relationships involving bireflectance are associated with the tectonic setting at the time of effective coalification. The data presented here indicate that for low-rank coals at least, correlations between properties of vitrinites must take account of provincialism if they are to be sufficiently reliable to be useful. The measurement of a number of rank-sensitive variables can yield additional information about rank, as compared with the use of a single rank-sensitive variable.  相似文献   

Field survey of the East Java earthquake and tsunami of June 3, 1994     

Yoshinobu Tsuji  Fumihiko Imamura  Hideo Matsutomi  Costas E. Synolakis  Puspito T. Nanang  Jumadi  Satoshi Harada  Se Sub Han  Ken'ichi Arai  Benjamin Cook 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1995,144(3-4):839-854

A field survey of the June 3, 1994 East Java earthquake tsunami was conducted within three weeks, and the distributions of the seismic intensities, tsunami heights, and human and house damages were surveyed. The seismic intensities on the south coasts of Java and Bali Islands were small for an earthquake with magnitudeM 7.6. The earthquake caused no land damage. About 40 minutes after the main shock, a huge tsunami attacked the coasts, several villages in East Java Province were damaged severely, and 223 persons perished. At Pancer Village about 70 percent of the houses were swept away and 121 persons were killed by the tsunami. The relationship between tsunami heights and distances from the source shows that the Hatori's tsunami magnitude wasm=3, which seems to be larger for the earthquake magnitude. But we should not consider this an extraordinary event because it was pointed out byHatori (1994) that the magnitudes of tsunamis in the Indonesia-Philippine region generally exceed 1–2 grade larger than those of other regions.  相似文献   

Site Characterization Using ³H/³ He Ground-Water Ages, Cape Cod, MA     

D. K. Solomon  R. J. Poreda  P. G. Cook  A. Hunt 《Ground water》1995,33(6):988-996

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Tellurides from Sunrise Dam gold deposit, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia: a new occurrence of nagyágite     

Y.-H. Sung  C. L. Ciobanu  A. Pring  J. Brügger  W. Skinner  N. J. Cook  M. Nugus 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2007,90(3-4):249-270

Summary The Cu–Fe–Au–Mo (W) deposits in southeastern Hubei are an important component of the Middle–Lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt. Molybdenite from the Fengshandong Cu- (Mo), Ruanjiawan W–Cu- (Mo), Qianjiawan Cu–Au, Tongshankou Cu–Mo and Tonglüshan Cu- (Fe) deposits yielded Re–Os ages of 144.0 ± 2.1 Ma, 143.6 ± 1.7 Ma, 137.7 ± 1.7 Ma, 142.3 ± 1.8–143.7 ± 1.8 Ma and 137.8 ± 1.7–138.1 ± 1.8 Ma, respectively. Phlogopite from the Tieshan Fe- (Cu) deposit yielded an Ar–Ar age of 140.9 ± 1.2 Ma. These data and other published isotopic ages (Re–Os molybdenite and Ar–Ar mica ages) for the Cu–Fe–Au–Mo (W) deposits in the Middle–Lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt show that Cu–Fe–Au–Mo (W) mineralisation in the Tongling, Anqing, Jiurui and Edong ore districts developed in a narrow time span between 135.5 and 144.9 Ma, reflecting an important regional metallogenic event. An integrated study of available petrological and geochronological data, together with relationships to magmatism and the regional geodynamic framework, indicate that the Cu–Fe–Au–Mo (W) mineralisation in the Middle–Lower Yangtze River belt occurred during a regime of lithospheric extension. This extension is probably related to Late Mesozoic processes of lower crustal delamination and lithospheric thinning in East China.  相似文献   

Book reviews     

Mark S. T. Bukowinski  Philip E. Wannamaker  Manfred Koch  Yukio Fujinawa  Dr. Pradeep Talwani  D. Möhlmann  Andrew H. Knoll  Lucia Lovison-Golob  Krzysztof Haman  Hanna Pawłowska  Henryk Piwkowski  Dr. Anthony Dore  Nguyen Xuan Huy  Edward R. Cook  Jan Błecki  Jacek Leliwa-Kopystynski  Magdalena Sroczynska-Kozuchowska 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1993,140(1):139-177

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A note on the geodetic use of gravity measurements     

A. H. Cook 《Journal of Geodesy》1962,36(1):77-78

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An experiment proving that dilatancy is a pervasive volumetric property of brittle rock loaded to failure   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

N. G. W. Cook 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》1970,2(4):181-188

Summary An Experiment Proving that Dilatancy is a Pervasive Volumetric Property of Brittle Rock Loaded to Failure. Dilatancy, that is, volumetric expansion relative to the compression resulting from elastic deformation is often observed in the compression of rock specimens to failure. This phenomenon is of considerable importance to the understanding of the processes of rock failure and in their application to geological and engineering problems. Most of the observations to date have been made on small cylindrical specimens of rock, with a high surface area to volume ratio; frequently by means of resistance strain gauges cemented to the surface of the specimen. The possibility of the measured dilatancy being a superficial phenomenon due to anomalous surface deformations cannot be excluded. Measurements of dilatant deformation on the inside and outside of hollow cylindrical specimens during compression under homogeneous stresses provide a means of resolving this uncertainty. Superficial dilatancy would result in a relative diminution of the cross-section of the hole as that of the outside of the specimen increases with deformation; whereas pervasive volumetric dilatancy would result in similar relative increases in the cross-section of both the hole and the specimen. Experiments on hollow cyclindrical specimens of quartzite show that dilatancy is a pervasive volumetric phenomenon.

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Zusammenfassung Experimenteller Nachweis zur Dilatanz als volumenbezogene Eigenschaft spröder, bis zum Bruch belasteter Körper. Dilatanz, d. h. relative Volumenvergrößerung im Vergleich zur elastischen Zusammendrückung, ist ein Phänomen, welches häufig bei der Druckbeanspruchung von Gesteinen beobachtet werden kann. Diese Erscheinung ist für das Verständnis der Bruchvorgänge von Gesteinen und deren Anwendung auf geologische und technische Probleme von beträchtlicher Bedeutung. Ein Großteil der bisherigen Untersuchungen zu dieser Frage wurde an kleinen zylindrischen Probekörpern mit großem Verhältnis von Oberfläche : Volumen durchgeführt. Bei diesen Versuchen wurden meist Dehnmeßstreifen an die Oberfläche der Probekörper geklebt. Demnach kann die Möglichkeit nicht ausgeschlossen werden, daß die beobachtete Dilatation infolge abnormaler Oberflächenverformungen ein Oberflächenphänomen ist. Messungen der Dilatation an der Innen- und Außenseite eines hohlen zylindrischen Probekörpers während der Druckbeanspruchung in einem homogenen Spannungsfeld bilden eine Möglichkeit, diese Ungewißheit zu beseitigen. Im Falle einer oberflächengebundenen Dilatation würde es zu einer relativen Verkleinerung des inneren Querschnittes des hohlen Probekörpers kommen, während die Dilatation der Außenseite mit der Verformung anwachsen würde. Demgegenüber würde es im Falle der Dilatation als einer volumetrischen Eigenschaft zu einer ähnlichen relativen Vergrößerung des inneren Querschnittes des hohlen Probekörpers und des Probekörpers selbst kommen. Die Experimente an hohlen zylindrischen Probekörpern aus Quarzit zeigen, daß die Dilatanz ein volumetrisches Phänomen ist.

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Résumé Expérience prouvant que la dilatance est répartie dans tout le volume des roches fragiles chargées jusqu'à la rupture. La dilatance, c'est-à-dire l'augmentation de volume par rapport à la déformation élastique en compression, se manifeste souvent quand on comprime des échantillons de roche jusqu'à la rupture. Ce phénomène a une importance considérable pour la compréhension des processus de rupture des roches, et pour les applications aux problèmes géologiques et géotechniques. La plupart des essais ont été faits à ce jour sur de petits échantillons cylindriques, dont la surface est grande par rapport au volume, le plus souvent au moyen de jauges à résistance collées sur la surface de l'échantillon. Il reste la possibilité que la dilatance mesurée ne soit qu'un phénomène superficiel, dû à des déformations anormales de la surface.Pour lever cette incertitude, on peut mesurer la dilatance à la fois sur la surface externe et sur la surface interne de cylindres creux soumis à des contraintes homogènes: une dilatance superficielle produirait une diminution de la section du trou et une augmentation de la section totale, tandis qu'une dilatance répartie dans tout le volume produirait des augmentations de section similaires. Les essais sur cylindres creux de quartzite montrent que la dilatance est un phénomène réparti dans tout le volume.

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With 4 Figures  相似文献   

Climate Change and Winter Wheat Management: A Modelling Scenario for South-Eastern England     

A. Ghaffari  H. F. Cook  H. C. Lee 《Climatic change》2002,55(4):509-533

Crop models are useful tools for assessing the impact of climate change on crop production. The dynamic crop-growth model, CERES-Wheat is used to examine crop management responses, including yield, under six climate change scenarios for the years 2025 and 2050 on the Estate of Imperial College at Wye, Kent, U.K. Sensitivity analysis shows a dry matter yield decrease in response to increases in temperature alone. CERES-Wheat was then constrained to assess the crop performance under water-limited production scenarios with different soils, and the results show that crop grain yield actually increases, largely due to CO₂ fertilisation leading to increased rates of photosynthesis. Different management practices (planting dates and nitrogen application) were applied to find the best adaptation strategies. In general, `early' sowing (10th September) had the highest simulated yield, and `late' sowing (10th November) the lowest. For the soils tested, the highest and sustained crop production was obtained from Hamble soils (silt loam) compared with either the Fyfield (sandy) or Denchworth (clay). Adding nitrogen and other fertilisers would likely be necessary to take full advantage of the CO₂ fertilisationeffect and to compensate, in some cases, for yield losses caused by climate change where water shortage becomes serious.  相似文献   

Spatial and temporal variability of ground water recharge in central Australia: a tracer approach   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

Harrington GA  Cook PG  Herczeg AL 《Ground water》2002,40(5):518-527

Two environmental tracer methods are applied to the Ti-Tree Basin in central Australia to shed light on the importance of recharge from floodouts of ephemeral rivers in this arid environment. Ground water carbon-14 concentrations from boreholes are used to estimate the average recharge rate over the interval between where the ground water sample first entered the saturated zone and the bore. Environmental chloride concentrations in ground water samples provide estimates of the recharge rate at the exact point in the landscape where the sample entered the saturated zone. The results of the two tracer approaches indicate that recharge rates around one of the rivers and an extensive floodplain are generally higher than rates of diffuse recharge that occurs in areas of lower topographic relief. Ground water 2H/1H and 18O/16O compositions are all depleted in the heavier isotopes (delta2H = -67 per thousand to -50 per thousand; delta18O = -9.2 per thousand to -5.7%o) compared with the long-term, amount-weighted mean isotopic composition of rainfall in the area (delta2H = -33.8 per thousand; delta18O = -6.3 per thousand). This indicates that recharge throughout the basin occurs only after intense rainfall events of at least 150 to 200 mm/month. Finally, a recharge map is developed to highlight the spatial extent of the two recharge mechanisms. Floodout recharge to the freshest ground water (TDS <1,000 mg/L) is approximately 1.9 mm/year compared with a mean recharge rate of approximately 0.2 mm/year to the remainder of the basin. These findings have important implications for management of the ground water resource.  相似文献