Using measured variances to compute surface fluxes and dry deposition velocities: A comparison with measurements from three surface types     

J. Padro  G. den Hartog  H.H. Neumann  D. Woolridge 《大气与海洋》2013,51(3):363-382

Abstract

Fluxes of temperature, water vapour, O₃, SO₂ and CO₂ were estimated from the measurement of their variances, taken over a wetland region in northern Ontario (Canada) during the summer of 1990 and over a deciduous forest when it was fully leafed during the summer of 1988 and when it was leafless during the winter of 1990. A set of flux‐variance relations was employed, including empirical forms of universal functions that could be adjusted with some constants. Results from the present study show that these constants needed to be adjusted with site‐specific data in order to achieve a closer agreement between estimated and observed fluxes. Best estimates were obtained for the fluxes of temperature and water vapour and it was found that the flux estimates of O₃, SO₂ and CO₂ correlated better with water vapour than with temperature. For these trace gases the flux‐variance method yielded estimates of dry deposition velocities that were either comparable with or larger than those obtained from a resistance analogue model. Both methods yielded values that overestimated the observed dry deposition velocities. The employment of the flux‐variance method in an operational network would require the use of fast‐response sensors and a practical method for reducing the noise level of the measured variances.  相似文献   

Paired bedrock and boulder 10Be concentrations resulting from early Holocene ice retreat near Jakobshavn Isfjord,western Greenland     

Lee B. Corbett  Nicolás E. Young  Paul R. Bierman  Jason P. Briner  Thomas A. Neumann  Dylan H. Rood  Joseph A. Graly 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2011,30(13-14):1739-1749

We measured in situ cosmogenic ¹⁰Be in 16 bedrock and 14 boulder samples collected along a 40-km transect outside of and normal to the modern ice margin near Sikuijuitsoq Fjord in central-west Greenland (69°N). We use these data to understand better the efficiency of glacial erosion and to infer the timing, pattern, and rate of ice loss after the last glaciation. In general, the ages of paired bedrock and boulder samples are in close agreement (r² = 0.72). Eleven of the fourteen paired bedrock and boulder samples are indistinguishable at 1σ; this concordance indicates that subglacial erosion rates are sufficient to remove most or all ¹⁰Be accumulated during previous periods of exposure, and that few, if any, nuclides are inherited from pre-Holocene interglaciations. The new data agree well with previously-published landscape chronologies from this area, and suggest that two chronologically-distinct land surfaces exist: one outside the Fjord Stade moraine complex (～10.3 ± 0.4 ka; n = 7) and another inside (～8.0 ± 0.7 ka; n = 21). Six ¹⁰Be ages from directly outside the historic (Little Ice Age) moraine show that the ice margin first reached its present-day position ～7.6 ± 0.4 ka. Early Holocene ice margin retreat rates after the deposition of the Fjord Stade moraine complex were ～100–110 m yr^?1. Sikuijuitsoq Fjord is a tributary to the much larger Jakobshavn Isfjord and the deglaciation chronologies of these two fjords are similar. This synchronicity suggests that the ice stream in Jakobshavn Isfjord set the timing and pace of early Holocene deglaciation of the surrounding ice margin.  相似文献   

Orbit determination of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

Erwan?MazaricoEmail author  D.?D.?Rowlands  G.?A.?Neumann  D.?E.?Smith  M.?H.?Torrence  F.?G.?Lemoine  M.?T.?Zuber 《Journal of Geodesy》2012,86(3):193-207

We present the results on precision orbit determination from the radio science investigation of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) spacecraft. We describe the data, modeling and methods used to achieve position knowledge several times better than the required 50–100 m (in total position), over the period from 13 July 2009 to 31 January 2011. In addition to the near-continuous radiometric tracking data, we include altimetric data from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) in the form of crossover measurements, and show that they strongly improve the accuracy of the orbit reconstruction (total position overlap differences decrease from ~70 m to ~23 m). To refine the spacecraft trajectory further, we develop a lunar gravity field by combining the newly acquired LRO data with the historical data. The reprocessing of the spacecraft trajectory with that model shows significantly increased accuracy (~20 m with only the radiometric data, and ~14 m with the addition of the altimetric crossovers). LOLA topographic maps and calibration data from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera were used to supplement the results of the overlap analysis and demonstrate the trajectory accuracy.  相似文献   

Rapid sea level and climate change at the close of the Last Interglaciation (MIS 5e): evidence from the Bahama Islands     

Paul J. Hearty  A. Conrad Neumann   《Quaternary Science Reviews》2001,20(18)

The geology of the Last Interglaciation (sensu stricto, marine isotope substage (MIS) 5e) in the Bahamas records the nature of sea level and climate change. After a period of quasi-stability for most of the interglaciation, during which reefs grew to +2.5 m, sea level rose rapidly at the end of the period, incising notches in older limestone. After brief stillstands at +6 and perhaps +8.5 m, sea level fell with apparent speed to the MIS 5d lowstand and much cooler climatic conditions. It was during this regression from the MIS 5e highstand that the North Atlantic suffered an oceanographic “reorganization” about 118±3 ka ago. During this same interval, massive dune-building greatly enlarged the Bahama Islands. Giant waves reshaped exposed lowlands into chevron-shaped beach ridges, ran up on older coastal ridges, and also broke off and threw megaboulders onto and over 20 m-high cliffs. The oolitic rocks recording these features yield concordant whole-rock amino acid ratios across the archipelago. Whether or not the Last Interglaciation serves as an appropriate analog for our “greenhouse” world, it nonetheless reveals the intricate details of climatic transitions between warm interglaciations and near glacial conditions.  相似文献   

Sr-Nd-Pb isotope data for ultramafic xenoliths from Hierro,Canary Islands: Melt infiltration processes in the upper mantle     

M. J. Whitehouse  E. -R. Neumann 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1995,119(2-3):239-246

We present here Sr, Nd, and Pb-isotopic data from harzburgite (group I) and dunite-pyroxenite (group II) suite mantle xenoliths from the island of Hierro, one of the youngest and westernmost of the Canary Islands. A progressive leaching technique has been developed and applied to the whole-rock powder samples in order to identify and remove as far as possible any recent additions (host basalt and/or sea-water). Isotopic analyses of the leached residues show significant systematic differences between these two suites. Dunite-pyroxenite suite xenoliths (olivine pyroxenites, dunites and wehrlites) exhibit a relatively small range of isotopic compositions (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr from 0.70292 to 0.70315; ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd from 0.51295 to 0.51302; ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 19.18 to 19.40) compared to the harzburgite suite (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr from 0.70295 to 0.70320; ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd from 0.51285 to 0.51296; ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 18.85 to 19.41). In all isotope correlation diagrams the leached dunite-pyroxenite suite xenoliths plot between the Hierro basalt field and a hypothetical depleted mantle suggesting that these xenoliths may have been strongly infiltrated by Hierro-type basalt. Progressive leaching of this suite of samples showed removal of a component with more enriched Sr (higher ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr relative to depleted mantle) and Nd (lower ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd) isotopic compositions that is probably host basalt glass. The leached harzburgite suite xenoliths extend to more enriched Sr and Nd isotopic compositions than Hierro-type basalt but always have more depleted Pb. This relationship can best be explained if this suite has been subject to infiltration by earlier magmas of the Canary Island suite (in particular, those from Gran Canaria show appropriate compositional ranges), although additional infiltration by Hierro basalt cannot be ruled out. The leaching experiments for this suite mostly show removal of a radiogenic Sr component only (? seawater) which supports the interpretation of early infiltration and subsequent recrystallisation and equilibration prior to the Hierro event. Isotopic data presented in this study show that complex interaction with percolating basaltic melts of varying composition was occurring in the upper mantle beneath Hierro prior to and during the volcanic event and was probably related to the generation of earlier Canary Island magmas.  相似文献   

Comparison of three types of laser optical disdrometers under natural rainfall conditions     

Lisbeth Lolk Johannsen  Nives Zambon  Peter Strauss  Tomas Dostal  Martin Neumann  David Zumr 《水文科学杂志》2020,65(4):524-535

ABSTRACT

Optical disdrometers can be used to estimate rainfall erosivity; however, the relative accuracy of different disdrometers is unclear. This study compared three types of optical laser-based disdrometers to quantify differences in measured rainfall characteristics and to develop correction factors for kinetic energy (KE). Two identical PWS100 (Campbell Scientific), one Laser Precipitation Monitor (Thies Clima) and a first-generation Parsivel (OTT) were collocated with a weighing rain gauge (OTT Pluvio²) at a site in Austria. All disdrometers underestimated total rainfall compared to the rain gauge with relative biases from 2% to 29%. Differences in drop size distribution and velocity resulted in different KE estimates. By applying a linear regression to the KE–intensity relationship of each disdrometer, a correction factor for KE between the disdrometers was developed. This factor ranged from 1.15 to 1.36 and allowed comparison of KE between different disdrometer types despite differences in measured drop size and velocity.  相似文献   

Zum Problem der „Dynamischen Bezugsfläche“, insbesondere im Golfstromgebiet     

Gerhard Neumann 《Ocean Dynamics》1956,9(2):66-78

Zusammenfassung In der Ozeanographie ist cs üblich, als dynamische Bezugsfläche eine Nullfläche zu wählen, d. h. eine Fläche im baroklinen Ozean, in der die Geschwindigkeit der Strömung verschwindet. Die Kenntnis dieser Tiefe, also der Untergrenze des Strömungssystems, ist nicht nur eine Voraussetzung für die Berechnung absoluter Strömungen nach der klassischen Methode, sondern auch wichtig für eine Analyse der Dynamik ozeanischer Zirkulationsvorgänge.Bei der theoretischen Behandlung cines vertikal und horizontal geschichteten Ozeans mit Hilfe der vertikal integrierten Bewegungsgleichungen treten Glieder auf, die eine Kenntnis der Tiefenlage des Strömungssystems voraussetzen. Nur im Falle sehr spezieller Bedingungen oder einer konstanten Tiefe des Zirkulationssystems verschwinden die von der Untergrenze abhängigen Glieder.In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird an einem einfachen Modell der Einfluß einer variablen Tiefe der Untergrenze des Strömungssystems auf den horizontalen Massentransport diskutiert. Ein interessantes Beispiel bietet das Stromsystem an der Ostküste von Nordamerika, wo das Feld des Golfstromes einem äquivalent-barotropen System zuzustreben scheint. Ein solches Feld erfordert einen starken Abfall der Untergrenze der Strömung von der linken zur rechten Flanke, d. h. vom Kontinentalschelf zur Sargassosee. Die so geforderte Nullfläche stimmt gut mit der nach der D efantschen Methode bestimmten überein.

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On the problem of the dynamical reference surface with special consideration of the Gulf Stream

Summary It has become a customary practice in oceanography to choose as a dynamical reference surface a zerolevel, that is, a surface in the barocline ocean where the current velocities vanish. The knowledge of the depth of such a surface, or of the lower boundary of the current system, is not only required for computing absolute currents according to the classical method, but it is also important for an analysis of the dynamics of the oceanic circulation.When dealing theoretically with a stratified ocean by means of the vertically integrated equations of motion, additional terms appear in the basic equations which depend on the depth of the lower boundary of the current system. The terms which depend on the variable depth of this lower boundary would disappear only in the case of very special conditions or of a constant depth of the circulation.The present paper discusses a simple model which shows the effect of a variable depth of the lower boundary of the current system on the horizontal mass transport. An interesting example is offered by the currents off the east coast of North America, where the current field of the Gulf Stream seems to approach an equivalent-barotropic system. Such a field requires a strong slope of the lower boundary of the current, that is, of the zero level, from the left to the right hand border, or from the continental shelf towards the Sargasso Sea. This zero level as requir ed theoretically for stationary currents agrees well with the level of no motion as determined by the method of A. Defant.

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Sur le problème d'une «surface de référence dynamique» discuté en considération spéciale de la région du courant du Golfe

Résumé Les océanographes ont pris l'habitude de choisir comme «surface de référence dynamique» un «niveau de zéro», c. a. d. une surface dans l'océan barocline où la vitesse devient nulle. La connaissance de la situation en profondeur d'une surface, donc, la limite inférieure du système de courants est non seulement indispensable au calcul des courants absolus d'après la méthode classique mais aussi importante à l'analyse de la dynamique de la circulation océanique.Si l'on étudie théoriquement un océan stratifié en se servant des équations de mouvements verticalement intégrées, on rencontre dans les équations fondamentales des termes additionnels qui dépendent de la limite inférieure du système de courants. Ces termes qui dépendent de la profondeur variable de cette limite inférieure disparaîtront seulement en cas de conditions très spéciales ou de présence d'une profondeur constante du système de circulation.Le travail actuel discute à l'aide d'un exemple simple l'influence qu'une profondeur variable de la limite inférieure du système de courants exersc sur le transport horizontal de masse. Le système de courants devant la côte orientale de l'Amérique du Nord où le champ du courant de Golfe semble s'approcher d'un système équivalent-barotrope en offre un exemple intéressant. Un tel champ nécessite une forte inclinaison de la limite inférieure du courant, c. a. d. une inclinaison allant du bord gauche au bord droit du niveau de zéro ou du plateau continental jusqu'à la mer des Sargasses. Ce niveau de zéro, comme il est théoriquement dérivé en cas des courants stationnaires, est en bon accord avec le niveau sans mouvement déterminé d'après la méthode de Defant.

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Herrn Professor Dr. Gerhard Schott zum 90. Geburtstag gewidmet.  相似文献   

Erratum     

S. Orr  S. P. Neumann 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》1994,8(4):318-318

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Compositional relations among pyroxenes,amphiboles and other mafic phases in the Oslo Region plutonic rocks: Publication No. 115 in the Norwegian Geotraverse project     

Else-Ragnhild Neumann 《Lithos》1976,9(2):85-109

Mafic minerals in samples from older and younger intrusions in the Permian Oslo rift were analysed to determine temperatures and oxygen fugacities of crystallization and possible genetic relations between different rock types. Applications of various geothermometers and oxygen barometers to plutonic rocks have been assessed in connection with this work.Pyroxenes in the peralkaline rocks define a continuous trend from augites to pure aegirines. This trend was found to be the result of fractional crystallization of plagioclase (and augite), suggesting that the peralkaline rocks formed from alkaline initial liquids.  相似文献   

Respiratory response of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) to suspended solids     

D. A. Neumann  J. M. O’Connor  J. A. Sherk  K. V. Wood 《Estuaries and Coasts》1982,5(1):28-39

Oxygen consumption rates were measured individually for mixed groups of male, female, and immature striped bass,Morone saxatilis, in filtered Patuxent River, Maryland, water and in filtered water containing suspensions of either fuller’s earth or Patuxent River sediment. Oxygen consumption was determined at fixed swimming speeds at two temperatures, 15 and 22.5°C. Oxygen consumption of striped bass in filtered 15°C water increased as swimming speed increased. At 22.5°C, the same range of swimming speeds had no effect on rates of oxygen consumption. Similar data were obtained with fish swimming at the same speeds in water containing 0.79 g per liter fuller’s earth particles (15°C), and among those swimming at 31.7 and 49.0 cm per s in water containing 1.32 g per 1 Patuxent River sediment (22.5°C). Male and female striped bass respiration rates were similar under all test conditions. At 15°C, striped bass oxygen consumption rates during exposure to fuller’s earth while swimming at 8.6 and 31.7 cm per s did not differ from rates of fish swimming at the same speeds in filtered water. At 49.0 cm per s, rates were significantly depressed. Respiration rates of fish exposed to Patuxent River sediment at 22.5°C while swimming at 31.7 and 49.0 cm per s were significantly lower than those of fish in filtered water. Respiratory response of striped bass to suspended particle stress was manifested by depressed oxygen consumption. This is considered a short-term response to an acute stress. This response and the potential for hematological response to chronic suspended particle stress are discussed.  相似文献