Two modified smoky quartz centers in natural citrine     

D. Maschmeyer  K. Niemann  H. Hake  G. Lehmann  A. Räuber 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1980,6(2):145-156

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements on natural citrine and greenish-yellow quartz revealed the presence of several localized hole centers adjacent to an aluminium impurity. The g tensors and their principal axes directions were determined for the two most prominent centers. The g-tensor variations and ²⁷Al hyperfine splittings are roughly half as large as for the well-known smoky quartz centers. Optical and infrared absorption, thermal stability and thermoluminescence were also studied. In these citrine centers an additional defect must be present in the immediate neighborhood of the hole, but the exact nature of this defect is still unknown.  相似文献   

Tin distribution in mid-Andean volcanic rocks     

B. Lehmann  H. Pichler 《Mineralium Deposita》1980,15(1):35-39

Volcanic rocks of the Rhyolite and Andesite Formations from the Central Andes (Chile, Argentina, Bolivia) have been analyzed for tin. Mean values of tin in rhyolitic rocks from Chile and Argentina are about 2 ppm, from the Bolivian Altiplano 3 ppm, and from the Bolivian Eastern Cordillera 4, 5 ppm. This means that an elemental increase of regional scale towards the Bolivian tin province exists.  相似文献   

A Precambrian core sample from the Altiplano/Bolivia     

Bernd Lehmann 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1978,67(1):270-278

Drilling in the Bolivian Altiplano discovered the Precambrian basement at 2.744 m of depth, Paleozoic strata lacking. The core is composed of hornblende meta-granite (hornblende granoblastite), in the upper part of biotite meta-granite (biotite granoblastite). Radiometric dating provides evidence for a Grenvillian magmatic or anatectic rock formation (1.050±100 my) and a later metamorphic event of 530±30 my in age.

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Zusammenfassung In einem Bohraufschluß vom Altiplano in Bolivien wurde in 2.744 m Teufe unter tertiärer und kretazischer Bedeckung das präkambrische Basement angetroffen. Der präkambrische Bohrkern besteht teils aus Hornblende-Meta-Granit (Hornblende-Kalifeldspat-Quarz-Plagioklas-Gneis), teils aus Biotit-Meta-Granit (Biotit-Kalifeldspat-Quarz-Plagioklas-Gneis). Nach Rb-Sr Datierung dürfte das Bildungsalter etwa 1.050±100 my betragen, eine Aufheizungsperiode um 530±30 my ist nach K-Ar Analyse zu vermuten.

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Résumé Lors d'un forage dans l'Altiplano bolivien le substratum précambrien a été rencontré à une profondeur de 2.744 m. La couverture sédimentaire comprend des couches tertiaires et crétaciques. La carotte précambrienne se compose d'un micro-granite gneissique de l'assemblage hornblende — feldspath potassique — quartz — plagioclase et d'un microgranite gneissique de biotite — feldspath potassique — quartz — plagioclase. L'âge de constitution de la roche est d'après l'analyse Rb-Sr de 1.050 ± 100 my. L'analyse K-Ar laisse supposer une transformation métamorphique de 530 ± 30 my.

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- , 2744 . — ( - -- —, - (- -- -). - 1050 ± 100 , , - , 530 ± 30 .

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Hebung — Spaltung —? Grabenbildung im saxonischen und im ostalpinen Bereich     

Walther Emil Petrascheck 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1940,31(3-4):244-254

Zusammenfassung Wir fassen zusammen: Die hier betrachteten Grabenbildungen aus Niederhessen-Hannover, aus Schlesien und aus den steirischen Alpen lassen keinerlei Gründe für eine Entstehung durch Spaltung infolge Wölbung erkennen. Eine durchgängige Bindung an Schilde ist nicht vorhanden. Im Gegenteil, soweit die Gräben größeres Ausmaß besitzen, haben sie sich aus flach eingemuldeten Senkungszonen entwickelt, die breiter als die späteren Grabenstreifen waren. Nur im Solling mag Spaltung durch Wölbung für die Anlage der Gräben eine Rolle gespielt haben, eine darüber hinausgehende beträchtliche Zerrung hat aber auch hier stattgefunden. Der starke Anteil von horizontalen Bewegungskomponenten ausweitender und einengender Art nach wechselnden Richtungen in der saxonischen Tektonik des Oberstockwerkes dürfte auf die Salzunterlage zurückzuführen sein, infolge welcher die postsalinare Decke auch bei Impulsen oder bei einem Gefälle, das durch mehr vertikale Bewegungen des variscischen Untergrundes zustandekam, leicht Gleitbewegungen ausführte. Der stärker vertikale Charakter der streifenförmigen Einsenkungen in den Untergrund ist bei fehlendem Salz an der saxonischen Tektonik Schlesiens und der jungmiozänen Tektonik der Ostalpen erkennbar. Die Richtung der Gräben (wie auch der vorangegangenen epirogenen Einmuldungen) ist streng von der Textur des Untergrundes abhängig.  相似文献   

On the sensitivity of the sedimentary system in the East Frisian Wadden Sea to sea-level rise and wave-induced bed shear stress     

Emil Vassilev Stanev  Jörg-Olaf Wolff  Gerold Brink-Spalink 《Ocean Dynamics》2006,56(3-4):266-283

The paper addresses the individual and collective contribution of different forcing factors (tides, wind waves, and sea-level rise) to the dynamics of sediment in coastal areas. The results are obtained from simulations with the General Estuarine Transport Model coupled with a sediment transport model. The wave-induced bed shear stress is formulated using a simple model based on the concept that the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) associated with wind waves is a function of orbital velocity, the latter depending on the wave height and water depth. A theory is presented explaining the controls of sediment dynamics by the TKE produced by tides and wind waves. Several scenarios were developed aiming at revealing possible trends resulting from realistic (observed or expected) changes in sea level and wave magnitude. The simulations demonstrate that these changes not only influence the concentration of sediment, which is very sensitive to the magnitude of the external forcing, but also the temporal variability patterns. The joint effect of tides and wave-induced bed shear stress revealed by the comparison between theoretical results and simulations is well pronounced. The intercomparison between different scenarios demonstrates that the spatial patterns of erosion and deposition are very sensitive to the magnitude of wind waves and sea-level rise. Under a changing climate, forcing the horizontal distribution of sediments adjusts mainly through a change in the balance of export and import of sediment from the intertidal basins. The strongest signal associated with this adjustment is simulated North of the barrier islands where the evolution of sedimentation gives an integrated picture of the processes in tidal basins.  相似文献   

Upper Cretaceous Magmatic Series and Associated Mineralisation in the Carpathian – Balkan Orogen     

Tudor BERZA  Emil CONSTANTINESCU  SLerban–Nicolae VLAD 《Resource Geology》1998,48(4):291-306

Abstract: The Alpine Orogen contains in South East Europe, from the Carpathians to the Balkans–Srednogorie, an Upper Cretaceous, ore bearing igneous belt: a narrow elongated body which runs discontinously from the Apuseni Mountains in the North, to the western part of the South Carpathians (Banat) in Romania, and further South to the Carpathians of East Serbia and still further East to Srednogorie (Bulgaria). This results in a belt of 750 km/30–70 km, bending from N-S in Romania and Serbia, to E-W in Bulgaria. Using the well established century-old terminology of this region, we describe it in this paper as the Banatitic Magmatic and Metallogenetic Belt (BMMB). Plate tectonics models of the Alpine evolution of South East Europe involve Mesozoic rifting, spreading and thinning of the continental crust or formation of oceanic crust in the Tethian trench system, followed by Cretaceous-Tertiary convergence of Africa with Europe and opening of Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea troughs. The result of successive stages in the collision process is not only the continental growth of Europe from N to S by the docking of several microplates formerly separated from it by Mesozoic palaeo–oceans, but also the rise of mountain belts by overthickening of the crust, followed by orogenic collapse, lateral extrusion, exhumation of metamorphic core complexes and post-collisional magmatism connected to strike-slip or normal faulting. The BMMB of the Carpathian-Balkan fold belt is rich in ore deposits related to plutons and/or volcano-plutonic complexes. Serbian authors have proposed an Upper Cretaceous Paleorift in Eastern Serbia for the Timok zone and some Bulgarian geologists have furnished geologic, petrological and metallogenetic support for this extensional model along the entire BMMB. The existence and importance of previous westwards directed subductions of Transilvanides (=South Apuseni = Mure? Zone) and Severin-Krajina palaeo–oceans, popular in Roman ian literature, seems to have little relevance to BMMB generation, but the well documented northwards directed subduction of the Vardar-Axios palaeo–ocean during Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous is a good pre-condition for the generation, during the Upper Cretaceous, of banatitic magmas in extensional regime, by mantle delamination due to slab break–off. Four magmatic trends are found: a tholeiitic trend, a calc-alkaline trend, a calc-alkaline high–K to shoshonitic trend and, restricted to East Srednogorie, a peralkaline trend. For acid intrusives, the typology is clearly I-type and magnetite–series, pointing to sources in the deep crust or the mantle; however, some high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios recorded in banatites prove important contamination from the upper crust. The calc-alkaline hydrated magmas, most common for banatitic plutons, can be considered as recording three stages of evolution: more primitive – the monzodioritic, dioritic to granodioritic trend (S Apuseni, S Ba–nat, Timok, C and W Srednogorie); more evolved – the granodioritic-granitic trend (N Apuseni, N Banat, Ridanj–Krepoljin); the alkaline trend (E and W Srednogorie, western part of N Banat). Correlating the composition of the host plutons with the types of mineralisation, several environments can be found in the BMMB, function of timing of fluid separation (porphyry versus non-porphyry environments), depth of emplacement, size of intrusion and geology of intruded rock pile, biotite versus hornblende crystallisation, involving the evolution of K/Na ratio in fluids, i. e. development of potassic and phyllic alteration zones: a) non-porphyry environment with granodioritic to granitic magmas, plutonic level, skarn mineralisation prevails; b) porphyry environment with monzodioritic or dioritic to granodioritic magmas, subvolcanic–hypabyssal–plutonic level; porphyry Cu with skarn halo at hypabyssal-subvolcanic level; c) porphyry environment with monzodioritic or dioritic to granodioritic magmas, volcano-plutonic complexes with porphyry copper plus massive sulfide mineralisation at subvolcanic-volcanic level; d) non-porphyry environment with magmas of alkaline tendency, volcanic level, vein (“mesothermal” and “epithermal”) mineralisation.  相似文献   

Thermoluminescence of shock-loaded amethyst quartz     

I. Plath  G. Lehmann 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1987,14(4):383-386

In natural amethyst samples subjected to shock pressures between 10 and 50 GPa (1 GPa=10⁹ Pa), thermoluminescence (TL) was observed after subsequent X-ray irradiation, in some cases even without high energy irradiation. The glow curves could be decomposed into at most five components of Gaussian shape, but no reliable activation energies could be determined from them, perhaps due to a wide distribution of trap depths. With increasing shock pressures traps of higher thermal stability were favored. Emission bands with maxima near 14000 cm^?1 were observed independent of shock pressure. They appear to be characteristic of defects created during the shock events, but it is uncertain whether the observed TL is connected with the iron impurities characteristic for amethyst. In natural amethyst samples of the same origin no TL could be observed, even after additional X-ray irradiation. It is concluded that TL in amethysts reported in the literature was actually caused by defects associated with aluminium impurities, not by destruction of Fe⁴⁺.  相似文献   

Geo-ecologic environment of a river main floodplain sediment profile: a micro-scale study     

W. L. F. Brinkmann Dr.  R. Lehmann 《GeoJournal》1989,19(1):15-26

In the forest of Enkheim near the city of Frankfurt, the depositional sequence of a river Main floodplain sediment was analyzed with regard to the elemental composition of its sediment-facies using XRD- and XRF-techniques. The study includes: residual minerals (mainly Zr and Ti species, which are extremely resistant to weathering), detrital minerals (quartz, K-feldspars, plagioclases), secondary minerals (mainly clay minerals such as Illitehydrous mica, kaolinite, vermiculite, chlorite, smectite and mixed-layer clays) and precipitated minerals (mainly calcite). The processes of weathering are defined in terms of buffer ranges (pH-Eh stability fields). The impact of the acid weathering front on the upper part of the sedimentary sequence was established by the analyses of the mechanisms of dissolution, transport and sorption of selected constituents (major cations; heavy metals) of which their eco-availability is of importance when measures of environmental protection have to be taken.  相似文献   

Formation of the strata-bound Kellhuani tin deposits,Bolivia     

B. Lehmann 《Mineralium Deposita》1985,20(3):169-176

A magmatic-hydrothermal model of tin ore formation can best explain the geological, petrographical and geochemical data on the strata-bound Kellhuani tin district. The tin specialization of the magmatic system of the Chacaltaya porphyry stock, centered in the Kellhuani mining area, is the result of advanced fractional crystallization. The regional tin background of the least fractionated members of the Cordillera Real granite series and of their sedimentary country rocks corresponds to average crustal tin contents.Dedicated to Prof. H.-J. Schneider on the occasion of his 60th birthday  相似文献   

Comparison of Two Probability Distributions Used to Model Sizes of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Accumulations: Does the Tail Wag the Assessment?     

Emil D. Attanasi  Ronald R. Charpentier 《Mathematical Geology》2002,34(6):767-777

Undiscovered oil and gas assessments are commonly reported as aggregate estimates of hydrocarbon volumes. Potential commercial value and discovery costs are, however, determined by accumulation size, so engineers, economists, decision makers, and sometimes policy analysts are most interested in projected discovery sizes. The lognormal and Pareto distributions have been used to model exploration target sizes. This note contrasts the outcomes of applying these alternative distributions to the play level assessments of the U.S. Geological Survey's 1995 National Oil and Gas Assessment. Using the same numbers of undiscovered accumulations and the same minimum, medium, and maximum size estimates, substitution of the shifted truncated lognormal distribution for the shifted truncated Pareto distribution reduced assessed undiscovered oil by 16% and gas by 15%. Nearly all of the volume differences resulted because the lognormal had fewer larger fields relative to the Pareto. The lognormal also resulted in a smaller number of small fields relative to the Pareto. For the Permian Basin case study presented here, reserve addition costs were 20% higher with the lognormal size assumption.  相似文献