Hydrogeochemistry of Roccamonfina volcano (Southern Italy)   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Emilio Cuoco  Giuseppe Verrengia  Stefano De Francesco  Dario Tedesco 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,61(3):525-538

This is the first hydro-geochemical investigation carried out on the Roccamonfina Volcanic Complex groundwaters. The chemistry of Roccamonfina waters is defined by water–rock and water–rock–gas interactions. In fact, interactions between rocks of the first eruptive high-K formations and circulating groundwaters are recognized by high K concentrations. On the other hand, inverse concentration of calcium versus alkali metals is related to two different rock interactions occurring in different areas of the volcano: (a) within the caldera where groundwaters flow within latite and pyroclastic formations releasing calcium, and (b) similarly at the base of the volcano where groundwaters flowing from surrounding carbonates got strongly enriched in Ca. These geochemical processes are also associated with K (SE of caldera) and Mg/Ca (in sites located at the NE base of the volcano) decrease. Completely different dynamics occurs at Riardo groundwaters (SE). Here waters are the result of a mix between the Roccamonfina deep aquifer and the carbonate aquifer of the Riardo plain. Rich-CO₂ emissions make these waters strongly mineralized. Minor elements show a similar geochemical behavior of major ions and are crucial defining interactions processes. The evolution of Roccamonfina groundwaters is also evident along the simultaneous enrichment of Ba, Sr, and Ca. Ba increase is the result of deep local carbonate alteration enhanced by CO₂ emissions and, the lower Sr/Ca ratio, from 10 to 2 (ppb/ppm), is also due to the same process. In the light of our results the Roccamonfina aquifer can be schematically divided into two main reservoirs: (a) a superficial aquifer which basically follows the volcanic structure morphology and tectonics and (b) a deeper reservoir, originating within the oldest Roccamonfina volcano ultra potassic lavas and then flowing into the carbonate aquifers of the neighboring plain. Eventually, the chemistry of the Roccamonfina aquifer does not show any specific and visible pollution, contrary to what happens in the volcano surrounding plains. In fact, only 14% of the samples we collected (206) show a NO₃ content >30 mg/l. These sites are all located at the base of the volcano, near the plain.  相似文献   

Dark energy as space-time curvature induced by quantum vacuum fluctuations     

Emilio Santos 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2011,332(2):423-435

It is shown that quantum vacuum fluctuations give rise to a curvature of space-time equivalent to a cosmological constant, that is a homogeneous energy density ρ and pressure p fulfilling −p=ρ>0. The fact that the fluctuations produce curvature, even if the vacuum expectation of the energy vanishes, is a consequence of the non-linear character of the Einstein equation. A calculation is made, involving plausible hypotheses within quantized gravity, which establishes a relation between the two-point correlation of the vacuum fluctuations and the space-time curvature. Arguments are given which suggest that the density ρ might be of order the “dark energy” density currently assumed to explain the observed accelerated expansion of the universe.  相似文献   

Preface     

S. K. Runcorn  Emilio Herrero-Bervera 《Surveys in Geophysics》1996,17(2):151-154

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Roman Law and political control — from a primitive society to the dawn of the Modern World     

Emilio Biagini 《GeoJournal》1994,33(4):331-340

The purpose of this paper is to survey the history of Roman Law in order to shed light upon processes whereby society may grow more dynamic. Roman Law is the only one whose development can be traced for over thousand years, a time during which two main epochal crises brought about far-reaching changes to Roman society. The first was a consequence of the second Carthaginian war (218-200 BC), when the raw inhabitants of Latium, in a mere space of sixty years, attained supremacy over the ancient world. The second followed closely upon the death of Emperor Alexander Severus (235 AD), when the growing strength of alien populations was becoming a serious threat to the Empire.These two historical watersheds mark three different ages and three correspondingly quite different law systems that can be named: (i) the Quiritarian or strictly Roman Law, (ii) the Universal-Roman Law, (iii) the Greek-Roman Law. The legal sytem of the first epoch was suitable to a narrow rural society. The law system of the second age was suitable to the ends and values of an open civilised society. The last stage of Roman Law unfolded in the Eastern Empire, and the well-known Code of Emperor Justinian (527–29) marked the climax of this process.As a result of cautious reforms lasting several centuries, the political structures of primitive Roman society(familiae, gentes, tribus) declined, a powerful central authority was built, the nuclear family became the basic building block of society displacing extended family and clan structures, the condition of women was freed from obnoxious tutelage.Traditionally, the Roman estate of thefamilia was nearly a territorial State. Primitive buildings, often mere huts, were independent from each other. The drive to an increasingly civilised urbanisation inevitably brought about a closer spatial integration of the built-up area, and therefore made it necessary the establishment of more and more frequent praedial servitudes. To allow the organisation of urban space to emerge, the builder had to be granted a right to hold the building thus erected, for a limited time or in perpetuity, by lease or sale, against the territorial pretence of extended family or clan authority. Usucaption, pledges, mortgages, initially used in provincial lands, replaced the traditional Roman land transfer procedure(fiducia). In the time of the late Empire, slavery declined and was to some extent replaced by serfdom(colonatus). Roman citizenship was granted to all (212 AD), but the commoners(humiliores) suffered under heavy disabilities. Powerful families(honestiores) often retreated to the countryside, while the rest of the urban population was left to her own devices under an oppressive taxation system. Many luckless heads of families had to become tax proctors: they were held responsible for the gathering of taxes to the extent of their whole estate, and even on pain of torture. The State increasingly took control over most features of social and economic activity, from agriculture to the prices of foodstuffs; while individual enterprise, progress and creativity became more and more stagnant. All these are indicators of an increasingly static society. Oriental despotism became the dominant form of political organisation.Thus, while private law became more and more modernised, paving the way to the present legal systems, the social structure and the spatial organisation became more rigid and less open to innovation. Therefore a very incomplete modernisation occurred. The emergence of more open and dynamic societies was to take place many centuries after the fall of the Western Empire, precisely in the same geographical space that had belonged to it, mainly under the impulse of the more efficient and civilised among the new (Germanic) peoples (Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Franks, Longobards, etc.) who immigrated there with theVölkerwanderung and injected fresh blood into the lands of the former Western Empire, thereby ending oriental despotism. The heritage left by the evolution of Roman Law, however, was to be felt and assimilated by these peoples: it was to become a considerable part of their own cultural and legal heritage, and one of the many factors paving the way to the eventual emergence of dynamic Western societies.The age-long process of change of Roman Law can provide useful glimpses on how attitudes and cultural values not hostile to development may arise and grow to full maturity. Its study can help — though by no means alone — to understand how that part of Europe which came under its direct influence was able to achieve cultural traits open to socio-economic innovations and development.Though each social and spatial system follows its own distinctive path to development (or stagnation), some necessary cultural preconditions are broadly similar for any society. Stress upon individual values is doubtless one such inescapable precondition to the emergence of a dynamic society capable of endogenous development. Unfortunately, utterly opposite values are firmly entrenched in many Third World countries, and social evolution there is, under this viewpoint, exceedingly slow — if any.Centuries had still to elapse for individual values to prevail in Europe after the age of Justinian, and more centuries went by between the triumph of these individual values and the actual take-off stage, which only came about with the industrial revolution. Bearing in mind these facts, the inescapable conclusion arises that the apparent lack of significant cultural change leading towards a dynamic society in many countries must necessarily be a matter of the deepest concern. This is aggravated by other disquieting features of the Third World, such as the propensity to authoritarian regimes — a propensity which in its own turn is closely related to poorly developed individual values.  相似文献   

Bishop, Victoria and Prosser, Robert, Water resources: process and management     

Emilio Biagini 《GeoJournal》1998,44(2):162-162

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Determinazione di profondita ipocentrale effettuata col sussidio di un nuovo metodo energetico     

Dott. Ing. Emilio Perri 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1943,5(1-2):47-76

Riassunto L'A. rende conto di un suo personale procedimento proposto per il calcolo delleprofondità ipocentrali (Metodo energetico). L'A. ne traccia la teoria, e ne illustra l'applicazione ad un caso concreto (terremoto di Hornisgrinde-Foresta Nera settentrionale — 30 dicembre 1935) — ponendo in rilievo, fra le altre, le seguenti caratteristiche: a) l'assoluta indipendenza dalla conoscenza dei dati orari; b) la possibilità, inerente alla soluzione stessa di precisare due interessanti parametri fisici strettamente legati alla propagazione: vale a dire: 1) un coefficiente medio () di assorbimento dell' energia sismica; 2) un indice di divergenza in rapporto all' anisotropia del mezzo ().Si riscontra un accordo soddisfacente fra il valore della profondità calcolata per il terremoto di Hornisgrinde in 32,2 Km. (col metodo energetico), ed una media (33 Km. ± c. a. 5 Km.), tratta dai risultati di più metodi (macro e microsismici), secondo i calcoli del Prof. Hiller.

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Zusammenfassung Der Verf. erläutert ein von ihm entwickeltes Verfahren zur Berechnung deripozentralen Tiefen (energetische Methode). Hieraus entwickelt er die Theorie und zeigt derer Anwendung an einem praktischen Beispiel (Erdbeben auf der Hornisgrinde, nördlicher Schwarzwald, 30. Dezember 1935); dabei hebt unter anderm folgende Eigenschaften hervor: a) die absolute Unabhängigkeit der Methode von der Kenntnis der Zeitangabe; b) die Möglichkeit, unter Anlehnung an die Lösung selbst, zwei interessante physikalische Vergleichsgrösse festzustellen welche eng an die Fortpflanzung gebunden sind; und zwar: 1) einem mittleren Koeffizient () für die Absorption der seismischen Energie; 2) einen Divergenz-Parameter im Verhältnis zur Anisotropie des Mediums ().Damit trifft man eine befriedigende Übereinstimmung zwischen dem für das Erdbeben von Hornisgrinde errechneten Werte der Tiefe von 32,2 km (nach der energetischen Methode) und einem mittleren Werte (33 km ± ca. 5 km) welche nach der Berechnungen von Herrn Prof. Hiller aus den Ergebnissen verschiedener makro- und mikroseismischen) Methoden gezogen wurde.

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Response spectral ratios     

Emilio Rosenblueth  Alejandra Arciniega 《地震工程与结构动力学》1992,21(6):483-492

At many sites on soft ground, spectral ratios (ratios of smoothed Fourier amplitude spectral ordinates at the site to those at a station on firm ground) for distant earthquakes are little sensitive to focal mechanism and coordinates and to magnitude. Spectral ratios furnish directly expected Fourier amplitude spectral ordinates at the site of interest. The corresponding response spectra can be estimated through the use of random vibration theory. This step is obviated by resorting directly to ratios of response spectral ordinates. Through comparisons for several sites on the Valley of Mexico we find that these ratios are as stable as those of Fourier amplitude spectral ordinates.  相似文献   

Continuation of normal doubly symmetric orbits in conservative reversible systems   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Francisco Javier Muñoz-Almaraz  Emilio Freire  Jorge Galan-Vioque  Andre Vanderbauwhede 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》2007,97(1):17-47

In this paper we introduce the concept of a quasi-submersive mapping between two finite-dimensional spaces, we obtain the main properties of such mappings, and we introduce “normality conditions” under which a particular class of so-called “constrained mappings” are quasi-submersive at their zeros. Our main application is concerned with the continuation properties of normal doubly symmetric orbits in time-reversible systems with one or more first integrals. As examples we study the continuation of the figure-eight and the supereight choreographies in the N-body problem.  相似文献   

Nonstationary matrix covariances: compact support,long range dependence and quasi-arithmetic constructions   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  

William Kleiber  Emilio Porcu 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2015,29(1):193-204

Flexible models for multivariate processes are increasingly important for datasets in the geophysical, environmental, economics and health sciences. Modern datasets involve numerous variables observed at large numbers of space–time locations, with millions of data points being common. We develop a suite of stochastic models for nonstationary multivariate processes. The constructions break into three basic categories—quasi-arithmetic, locally stationary covariances with compact support, and locally stationary covariances with possible long-range dependence. All derived models are nonstationary, and we illustrate the flexibility of select choices through simulation.  相似文献   

Spatial average aquifer recharge through atmospheric chloride mass balance and its uncertainty in continental Spain   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

Francisco J. Alcalá  Emilio Custodio 《水文研究》2014,28(2):218-236

The atmospheric chloride mass balance (CMB) method allows spatial evaluations of the average diffuse aquifer recharge by rainfall () in large and varied territories when long‐term steady conditions can be assumed. Often, the distributed average CMB variables necessary to calculate have to be estimated from the available variable‐length data series, which may be of suboptimal quality and spatial coverage. This paper explains the use of these data and the reliability of the results in continental Spain, chosen as a large and varied territory. The CMB variables have been regionalized by ordinary kriging at the same 4976 nodes of a 10 km × 10 km grid. Nodal values vary from 14 to 810 mm year^–1, 90% ranging from 30 to 300 mm year^–1. The recharge‐to‐precipitation ratios vary from 0.03 in low‐permeability formations and semiarid areas to 0.65 in some carbonate massifs. Integrated average results for the whole of continental Spain yield a potential aquifer recharge of 64 km³ year^?1, the net recharge over permeable formations (40% of the territory) being 32 km³ year^?1. Two main sources of uncertainty affecting (given by the coefficient of variation, CV), induced by the inherent natural variability of the variables (CV_R) and from mapping (), have been segregated. The average CV_R is 0.13 and could be improved with longer data series. The average is 0.07 and may be decreased with better data coverage. The estimates were compared with other regional and local recharge estimates, being 4% and 1% higher, respectively. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献