Some spatial aspects of environmental impact statements in Israel     

Eran Feitelson 《Geoforum》1996,27(4):527-537

While many studies have analyzed EIS procedures, only a few have analyzed EISs as part of the development process. When viewed from this perspective, EISs are shown to have a skewing effect on territorial development; they address mainly infrastructure projects, and consequently delay them, but hardly touch any of the residential projects which the infrastructure is designed to serve. This discrepancy can have deleterious consequences due to residential encroachment on various infrastructure facilities, as well as due to the growing shortfall of transport and environmental infrastructure. When EISs are analyzed in terms of project area, areas where impacts and benefits are felt, and administrative control zones, it becomes apparent that the impacts and benefits analyzed may be affected by the spatial scope of administrative control and project areas. A case in point is the ‘Kalanit’ landfill in Israel. Here the benefit and impact areas analyzed in the EIS were affected by the jurisdiction of the committee that requested the EIS and to which it was submitted. This discrepancy between benefit, impact and administrative control areas is also at the source of the emerging interest in cross-boundary EIA.  相似文献   

Novel mass-aggregation-based calibration of an acoustic method of monitoring bedload flux by infrequent desert flash floods     

Eran Halfi  Dror Paz  Kyle Stark  Uri Yogev  Ian Reid  Michael Dorman  Jonathan B. Laronne 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(14):3510-3524

The monitoring of bedload flux under flash flood conditions has been successfully achieved since 1992 using slot samplers in the semiarid Nahal Eshtemoa. In the present study, a surrogate bedload monitoring technique - the Japanese plate microphone - has been deployed and calibrated against data from the slot samplers. Since a slot sampler has a sensitivity threshold that becomes especially important when transport rates are low, different averaging periods should be considered for high and low fluxes. In order to overcome the deficiencies of time-based aggregation used hitherto, we have developed a new method involving mass aggregation and commensurably variable intervals, thereby enabling a more accurate analysis and optimizing the bedload sampler's capabilities. The data derived with this new method has then been utilized to calibrate the Japanese plate microphone. The Eshtemoa is an ephemeral gravel bed channel with a high proportion of fine gravel (< 0.02 m); for these conditions, acoustic sensors have not been calibrated as yet. Two multiple linear regression models incorporating the effect of median bedload grain size on pulse rate have been established to predict bedload flux and cumulative transported bedload mass. The coefficients in these models are statistically significant. Good predictions are obtained for bedload flux (adj. r² = 0.83) and for cumulative bedload mass (adj. r² = 0.98) during flood recession. Overall, the multiple linear regression models, used in conjunction with the mass aggregation method of estimating bedload flux, suggest that field calibration of acoustic devices is feasible under these conditions for ca. 90% of the duration of bedload transport. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Fate of Pesticides and Their Transformation Products: First Flush Effects in a Semi‐Arid Catchment     

Oliver Olsson  Miriam Khodorkovsky  Matthias Gassmann  Eran Friedler  Mandy Schneider  Yael Dubowski 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2013,41(2):134-142

Although it is known for many years, that transformation products (TPs) of pesticides are often more persistent, mobile, and sometimes more toxic than the parent compound, former catchment scale studies of substance release and flushing effects focused only on the parent compound. In this study, four river points were sampled in the Hula Valley, Israel, and samples were analyzed in the lab for chlorpyrifos (CP) and endosulfan residues (including transformation products; TPs). Sampling results of the first rainfall in autumn 2009 identified a strong release of most substances to the rivers. First flush effects of these substances were assessed regarding the risk for drinking water supply and ecology, like fresh water invertebrates and fish. Although, these substances were found in Jordan River water during the first significant rainfall the observed levels are below international drinking water guideline values with no adverse effects on human health in the region. However, the observed CP and chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO) levels are above the acute toxicity for fresh water invertebrates and fish. The study shows that the Hula Valley was an important source of pesticides and TPs at the Upper Jordan River basin and that substance flushing is extremely important for pesticides‐monitoring campaigns.  相似文献   

A field experiment on modeling the impact of aerosol layers on the variability of solar insolation and meteorological characteristics of the surface layer     

Yu. A. Izrael  V. M. Zakharov  V. N. Ivanov  N. N. Petrov  Yu. V. Andreev  V. A. Gulevskii  B. G. Danilyan  V. G. Eran’kov  D. V. Kirin  V. P. Kulyapin  Yu. S. Rusakov  A. V. Savchenko  P. N. Svirkunov  D. A. Severov  V. V. Folomeev 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2011,36(11):705-711

Described are the results of a field experiment carried out in 2010 on studying the impact of artificial aerosol formations on the solar insolation intensity and thermal characteristics of the atmospheric surface layer. The composition of the measuring equipment complex is given and the results of the experiment and its theoretical analysis are presented. It is demonstrated that the solar radiation flux decrease results in rather rapid response of the surface air layer manifesting itself in the considerable decrease in temperature and turbulent heat fluxes. The theoretical estimates corroborate the obtained experimental data. The field experiment is the continuation of researches carried out in 2008 and 2009.  相似文献   

The redshift distribution of gravitational lenses revisited: constraints on galaxy mass evolution     

Eran O. Ofek  Hans-Walter Rix  Dan Maoz 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2003,343(2):639-652

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Supernova 2002ap: the first month     

Avishay Gal-Yam †  Eran O. Ofek  Ohad Shemmer 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2002,332(4):L73-L77

Supernova (SN) 2002ap in M74 was discovered on 2002 January 29. Being one of the nearest (10 Mpc) SN events in the last decades, and spectroscopically similar to the so-called 'hypernovae' 1997ef and 1998bw, both possibly associated with gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), it is of great interest. Shortly after its discovery, we launched an intensive photometric and spectroscopic monitoring campaign of this event, and here we report the results of the first month of observations. We use our UBVRI photometry to estimate the magnitudes at, and dates of, peak brightness. Our data suggest that this object reached its peak B -band luminosity on February     . Based on its similarity to SN 1998bw, we estimate the range of possible dates for a GRB that may have been associated with SN 2002ap. We find that it may include dates outside the time frame for which all available gamma-ray data have been intensively scanned, according to recent reports. The absolute magnitude at peak brightness of SN 2002ap  ( M _B =-16.9)  shows that it was significantly fainter than SN 1998bw, or normal Type Ia SNe, but similar to SN 1997ef. Our spectroscopic observations confirm that SN 2002ap is strikingly similar to SNe 1998bw and 1997ef. We briefly describe the spectral evolution of this object. To assist other observers and to stimulate theoretical models, we make our entire data set publicly available in digital form (http://wise-obs.tau.ac.il/∼avishay/local.html).  相似文献   

Indication for circular organization of column sprite elements associated with Eastern Mediterranean winter thunderstorms     

Elyakom Vadislavsky  Yoav Yair  Carynelisa Erlick  Colin Price  Eran Greenberg  Roy Yaniv  Baruch Ziv  Nàama Reicher  Adam Devir 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2009,71(17-18):1835-1839

We report synchronized optical observations of sprites in Israel during the winters of 2006/7–2007/8. Based on several events, we suggest that the elements of columniform sprites are organized in spaced intervals on the circumference of a circle centered directly above, or a little offset, to the vertical direction from the parent lightning. In 2D images most of the cases show columns to be arranged in highly eccentric elliptical forms or in straight rows. The analysis of the optical images provided the geometrical dimensions of the columns and their spatial organization. We used an electrostatic model of the QE field with reasonable assumptions on the location and magnitude of the cloud charge center, constrained by ELF evaluation of the Charge Moment Change in the parent flash, to show that the observed diameter of the columnar arrangement closely matches the conventional breakdown field line contour at the same altitude.  相似文献   

Impediments to the management of shared aquifers: A political economy perspective     

Eran Feitelson 《Hydrogeology Journal》2006,14(3):319-329

The reliance on aquifers which are shared by more than one country is increasing. Yet, shared aquifers are only rarely addressed in international treaties, despite the wide recognition of the desirability of comprehensive coordinated management. In order to identify the impediments to reaching agreements on the management of shared aquifers, and the factors that may assist in overcoming these impediments, the political economy of transboundary groundwater exploitation is outlined, and the Israeli-Palestinian case examined. It is argued that the main impediment to the conclusion of international agreements on groundwater is the array of domestic power structures, and particularly the power of small cohesive interest groups. The analysis of the Israeli-Palestinian 1995 interim agreement, and the negotiations leading to it, suggest that this impediment can be overcome, if the domestic interests are recognized in advance, and addressed in the agreement. It also shows that high level politics can play a positive role in forcing water negotiators to conclude an agreement.

Eran FeitelsonEmail: Phone: +972-2-5883346Fax: +972-2-5881200

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Optical observations of transient luminous events associated with winter thunderstorms near the coast of Israel   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Yoav Yair  Colin Price  Michal Ganot  Eran Greenberg  Roy Yaniv  Baruch Ziv  Yosef Sherez  Adam Devir  Jo'zsef Br  Gabriella Stori 《Atmospheric Research》2009,91(2-4):529-537

We report the results of two observation campaigns conducted during the Northern Hemisphere winters of 2005–6 and 2006–7 aiming to detect transient luminous events (TLEs) above winter thunderstorms in the vicinity of Israel and the eastern coastline of the Mediterranean Sea. In 10 out of 31 different observation nights we detected 66 events: 56 sprites and 10 Elves. The detection ranges varied from 250 to 450 km. Sprites were found to be produced by active cells with a vertical dimension of 5–9 km and cloud top temperature ~ − 40 °C, embedded in a much larger matrix of stratiform precipitating cloudiness. This configuration closely resembles the conditions for winter sprites in the Hokuriku region of Japan. Synchronized with the optical observations, ELF data were recorded at two observation stations in Israel and Hungary in order to qualify and quantify parameters of the parent lightning discharge associated with the TLEs. These stations are located 500 km and 2100 km respectively from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, where most TLEs occur. Among the optically observed TLE events, we found that all the ELF signals were produced solely by positive cloud-to-ground flashes (+ CGs), most of which were recorded in Israel (88%) and Hungary (77%). Calculation of the Charge Moment Change showed average values of 1400 ± 600 C km, with some extreme events exceeding 3500 C km. The average time delay between the ELF transient of the parent + CG and the observed sprites was 55 ms, with shorter delays for column sprites (42 ± 34 ms) compared to carrot sprites (68 ± 34). Furthermore, based on the ELF data, there were no early identifiable precursors to TLE occurrence in the regional lightning activity. From the spatial formation of the observed columniform sprites, we propose that columniform sprites are sometimes arranged in a 3-dimensional circular pattern, thus mapping the instantaneous electric field in the mesosphere.  相似文献   

FAUST observations of ultraviolet sources in the direction of Coma     

Noah Brosch  Eran O. Ofek  Elhanan Almoznino  Timothy Sasseen  Michael Lampton  & Stuart Bowyer 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,295(4):959-969

We analyse an ultraviolet observation toward the Coma cluster by means of the FAUST shuttle-borne telescope. We detect 56 candidate sources to a signal-to-noise ratio of 6.5. Most sources have optical counterparts in existing catalogues and are stars. 10 sources with no listed counterparts were observed at the Wise Observatory. We present identifications based on low-resolution spectrophotometry, and discuss the foreground stars and the galaxies, all in the foreground of the Coma cluster. The FAUST image yields a higher fraction of hot evolved stars than either of the North Galactic Pole or the Virgo regions, analysed previously. We identify these tentatively as cooling white dwarfs in the Coma Berenices (Mel 111) open cluster.  相似文献