Combining Wind-Tunnel and Field Measurements of Street-Canyon Flow via Stochastic Estimation     

Laurent Perret  Karin Blackman  Eric Savory 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2016,161(3):491-517

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Inclusive approaches to urban climate adaptation planning and implementation in the Global South     

Eric Chu  Isabelle Anguelovski  JoAnn Carmin 《Climate Policy》2016,16(3):372-392

As cities increasingly engage in climate adaptation planning, many are seeking to promote public participation and facilitate the engagement of different civil society actors. Still, the variations that exist among participatory approaches and the merits and tradeoffs associated with each are not well understood. This article examines the experiences of Quito (Ecuador) and Surat (India) to assess how civil society actors contribute to adaptation planning and implementation. The results showcase two distinct approaches to public engagement. The first emphasizes participation of experts, affected communities, and a wide array of citizens to sustain broadly inclusive programmes that incorporate local needs and concerns into adaptation processes and outcomes. The second approach focuses on building targeted partnerships between key government, private, and civil society actors to institutionalize robust decision-making structures, enhance abilities to raise funds, and increase means to directly engage with local community and international actors. A critical analysis of these approaches suggests more inclusive planning processes correspond to higher climate equity and justice outcomes in the short term, but the results also indicate that an emphasis on building dedicated multi-sector governance institutions may enhance long-term programme stability, while ensuring that diverse civil society actors have an ongoing voice in climate adaptation planning and implementation.

Policy relevance

Many local governments in the Global South experience severe capacity and resource constraints. Cities are often required to devolve large-scale planning and decision-making responsibilities, such as those critical to climate adaptation, to different civil society actors. As a result, there needs to be more rigorous assessments of how civil society participation contributes to the adaptation policy and planning process and what local social, political, and economic factors dictate the way cities select different approaches to public engagement. Also, since social equity and justice are key indicators for determining the effectiveness and sustainability of adaptation interventions, urban adaptation plans and policies must also be designed according to local institutional strengths and civic capacities in order to account for the needs of the poor and most vulnerable. Inclusivity, therefore, is critical for ensuring equitable planning processes and just adaptation outcomes.  相似文献   

Os and S isotope studies of ultramafic rocks in the Duke Island Complex,Alaska: variable degrees of crustal contamination of magmas in an arc setting and implications for Ni–Cu–PGE sulfide mineralization     

Eric C. Stifter  Edward M. Ripley  Chusi Li 《Mineralium Deposita》2016,51(7):903-918

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An algorithm for soil moisture estimation using GPS-interferometric reflectometry for bare and vegetated soil   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Clara Chew  Eric E. Small  Kristine M. Larson 《GPS Solutions》2016,20(3):525-537

Ground-reflected global positioning system signals measured by a geodetic-quality GPS system can be used to infer temporal changes in near-surface soil moisture for the area surrounding the antenna. This technique, known as GPS-interferometric reflectometry, analyzes changes in the interference pattern of the direct and reflected signals, which are recorded in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) data, as interferograms. Temporal fluctuations in the phase of the interferogram are indicative of changes in near-surface volumetric soil moisture content. However, SNR phase is also highly sensitive to changes in overlying vegetation, and thus, the effects of seasonal vegetation changes on the ground-reflected signal must be considered. Here a method is described for determining whether SNR data are significantly corrupted by vegetation and for correcting these effects. Absolute soil moisture content must be determined for each site using ancillary data for the residual moisture content. Accounting for vegetation effects significantly improves the agreement between GPS-derived soil moisture and in situ measurements.  相似文献   

The socio-environmental data explorer (SEDE): a social media–enhanced decision support system to explore risk perception to hazard events     

Eric Shook  Victoria K. Turner 《制图学和地理信息科学》2016,43(5):427-441

ABSTRACT

Social media are increasingly recognized as a useful data source for understanding social response to hazard events in real time and in post-event analysis. This article establishes social media–enhanced decision support systems (SME-DSS) as a synergistic integration of social media and decision support systems (DSSs) to provide structured access to native, near real-time data from a large and diverse population to assess social response to social, environmental, and technological risk and hazard events. We introduce a prototype SME-DSS entitled socio-environmental data explorer (SEDE) to explore the opportunities and challenges of leveraging social media for decision support. We use a winter storm during 25–28 January 2015 that accumulated record amounts of snow along the East Coast of the United States as a case study to evaluate SEDE in helping assess social response to environmental risk and hazard events as well as evaluate social media as a theoretical component within the social amplification of risk framework (SARF) that serves as a theoretical foundation for SME-DSS.  相似文献   

Interhemispheric synchrony of Late-glacial climatic instability as recorded in proglacial Lake Mascardi,Argentina     

Daniel Ariztegui  María Martha Bianchi  Julieta Masaferro  Eric Lafargue  Frank Niessen 《第四纪科学杂志》1997,12(4):333-338

Several high-resolution continental records have been reported recently in sites in South America, but the extent to which climatic variations were synchronous between the northern and southern hemispheres during the Late-glacial–Holocene transition, and the causes of the climatic changes, remain open questions. Previous investigations indicated that, east of the Andes, the middle and high latitudes of South America warmed uniformly and rapidly from 13 000 ¹⁴C yr BP, with no indication of subsequent climate fluctuations, equivalent, for example, to the Younger Dryas cooling. Here we present a multiproxy continuous record, radiocarbon dated by accelerated mass spectroscopy, from proglacial Lake Mascardi in Argentina. The results show that unstable climatic conditions, comparable to those described from records obtained in the Northern Hemisphere, dominated the Late-glacial–Holocene transition in Argentina at this latitude. Furthermore, a significant advance of the Tronador ice-cap, which feeds Lake Mascardi, occurred during the Younger Dryas Chronozone. This instability suggests a step-wise climatic history reflecting a global, rather than regional, forcing mechanism. The Lake Mascardi record, therefore, provides strong support for the hypothesis that ocean–atmosphere interaction, rather than global ocean circulation alone, governed interhemispheric climate teleconnections during the last deglaciation. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Correction to: Using Causal Inference in Field Development Optimization: Application to Unconventional Plays     

Bertoncello  Antoine  Oppenheim  Georges  Cordier  Philippe  Gourvénec  Sébastien  Mathieu  Jean-Philippe  Chaput  Eric  Kurth  Tobias 《Mathematical Geosciences》2020,52(5):637-637

Mathematical Geosciences - Unfortunately, in the original version of the article the first and second name of the fourth author were wrong.  相似文献   

Evaluating social vulnerability indicators: criteria and their application to the Social Vulnerability Index     

Spielman  Seth E.  Tuccillo  Joseph  Folch  David C.  Schweikert  Amy  Davies  Rebecca  Wood  Nathan  Tate  Eric 《Natural Hazards》2020,100(1):417-436

Natural Hazards - As a concept, social vulnerability describes combinations of social, cultural, economic, political, and institutional processes that shape socioeconomic differentials in the...  相似文献   

Coronal activity from dynamos in astrophysical rotators     

Eric G. Blackman  George B. Field 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2000,318(3):724-732

We show that a steady mean-field dynamo in astrophysical rotators leads to an outflow of relative magnetic helicity and thus magnetic energy available for particle and wind acceleration in a corona. The connection between energy and magnetic helicity arises because mean-field generation is linked to an inverse cascade of magnetic helicity. To maintain a steady state in large magnetic Reynolds number rotators, there must then be an escape of relative magnetic helicity associated with the mean field, accompanied by an equal and opposite contribution from the fluctuating field. From the helicity flow, a lower limit on the magnetic energy deposited in the corona can be estimated. Steady coronal activity including the dissipation of magnetic energy, and formation of multi-scale helical structures therefore necessarily accompanies an internal dynamo. This highlights the importance of boundary conditions which allow this to occur for non-linear astrophysical dynamo simulations. Our theoretical estimate of the power delivered by a mean-field dynamo is consistent with that inferred from observations to be delivered to the solar corona, the Galactic corona, and Seyfert 1 AGN coronae.  相似文献   

Implications of biological and physical diversity for resilience and resistance patterns within Highly Dynamic River Systems     

Eric Tabacchi  Johannes Steiger  Dov Corenblit  Michael T. Monaghan  Anne-Marie Planty-Tabacchi 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2009,71(3):279-289

The structure and function of alluvial Highly Dynamic River Systems (HDRS) are driven by highly variable hydrological disturbance regimes, and alternate between resistant, metastable states and resilient, transitional states. These are in turn subject to influences of feedback loops within hydrogeomorphic and biological processes. Here we consider how resistance and resilience largely determine HDRS ecosystem trajectories and how these characteristics can be modified by natural and anthropogenic processes. We review the mechanisms by which biodiversity can affect both resistance and resilience and introduce a conceptual framework that incorporates some unique HDRS characteristics. We suggest that resilient and resistant patterns frequently coexist in the active tract of these river systems, and that this coexistance promotes the return of metastable states after major disturbances. In contrast, highly resistant and poorly resilient patterns dominate at their external boundaries. The loss of these natural dynamics resulting from direct and indirect human impacts causes deviations to resistance and resilience patterns and therefore to HDRS trajectory. We propose that understanding the role of interactions between biological and physical processes that control resistance and resilience is crucial for system restoration and management.  相似文献