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71.
Sauter Daniel Mendel Véronique Rommevaux-Jestin Céline Patriat Philippe Munschy Marc 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1997,19(6):553-567
The analysis of multibeam bathymetric data of the Southwest Indian Ridge(SWIR) domain between the triple junction traces from 68° E to theRodrigues Triple Junction (RTJ; 70° E) reveals the evolution of thisridge since magnetic anomaly 4 (8 Ma). Image processing has been used toshow that the horizontal component of strain due to a network of normal stepfaults increases dramatically between 69°30 E and the RTJ. Thisarea close to the RTJ is characterized by a deep graben at the foot of thetriple junction trace on the African plate and by a narrow fault-boundedridge that joins an offset of the trace on the Antarctic plate. In thatarea, spreading is primarily amagmatic and dominated by tectonic extensionprocesses. To the west of 69°30 E, some lobate bathymetricfeatures atop of a large topographic high suggest volcanic constructions.Between 68°10 E and 69°25 E the southern flank of theSWIR domain is wider than the northern one and is characterized by a series of 7 en echelon bathymetric highs similar in size,shape and orientation to the one centred at 69°30E near the present-day triple junction. Their en echelon organization along the triple junction trace on the Antarctic plate and the typical lack of conjugated parts on the northern flank show that these bathymetric highs have been shifted to the south by successive northward relocalisations of the SWIR rifting zone. This evolution results in the asymmetric spreading of the SWIR in the survey area. The off-axis bathymetric highs connect to the offsets of the triple junction trace on the Antarctic plate when the Southeast Indian Ridges lightly lengthenstoward the northwest and the triple junction is relocated to the north. We propose that the SWIR lengthens toward the northeast with two propagation modes: 1) a continuous and progressive propagation with distributed deformation in preexisting crust of the Central Indian Ridge, 2) a discontinuous propagation with focusing of the deformation in a rift zone when the triple junction migrates rapidly to the north. The modes of propagation of the SWIR are related to different localisation and distribution of strain which are in turn controlled by changes of the triple junction configurations due to propagation, recession or a symmetric spreading on the Central and Southeast Indian Ridges. 相似文献
72.
The measurement of the signal to noise ratio in continuous seismic profiling systems is carried out by means of a small general purpose digital computer equipped with an analog to digital converter. The computer is programmed to compute and compare the power spectrum of a sample of noise to the power spectrum of a sample of noise plus an echo. Power spectra of some twenty to fifty shots are averaged to yield reliable estimates of the signal to noise ratio as a function of frequency. The observed spectra agree well with spectra calculated from signals measured near to an air-gun. This measurement of signal to noise ratio as a function of frequency provides unambiguous information for the adjustment of the necessary band-pass filter thus improving the operation of a continuous seismic profiler. 相似文献
73.
74.
Although its use is widespread in several other scientific disciplines, the theory of tensor invariants is only marginally
adopted in gravity field modeling. We aim to close this gap by developing and applying the invariants approach for geopotential
recovery. Gravitational tensor invariants are deduced from products of second-order derivatives of the gravitational potential.
The benefit of the method presented arises from its independence of the gradiometer instrument’s orientation in space. Thus,
we refrain from the classical methods for satellite gravity gradiometry analysis, i.e., in terms of individual gravity gradients,
in favor of the alternative invariants approach. The invariants approach requires a tailored processing strategy. Firstly,
the non-linear functionals with regard to the potential series expansion in spherical harmonics necessitates the linearization
and iterative solution of the resulting least-squares problem. From the computational point of view, efficient linearization
by means of perturbation theory has been adopted. It only requires the computation of reference gravity gradients. Secondly,
the deduced pseudo-observations are composed of all the gravitational tensor elements, all of which require a comparable level
of accuracy. Additionally, implementation of the invariants method for large data sets is a challenging task. We show the
fundamentals of tensor invariants theory adapted to satellite gradiometry. With regard to the GOCE (Gravity field and steady-state
Ocean Circulation Explorer) satellite gradiometry mission, we demonstrate that the iterative parameter estimation process
converges within only two iterations. Additionally, for the GOCE configuration, we show the invariants approach to be insensitive
to the synthesis of unobserved gravity gradients. 相似文献
75.
The Karalar galena-barite deposits are typical examples of the carbonate-hosted barite-galena deposits widely occurring in
the Central Tauride Belt. These deposits are located in Permian limestones as ore veins along fault zones that are discordant
to the bedding planes and as thin veinlets within hardly brecciated bottom zones of Permian limestones. The ore deposits contain
mainly barite and galena and small amounts of sphalerite, pyrite, fahlore, limonite, quartz, and calcite. Barites occur during
the earlier episode of mineralization and were mylonitized before the formation of galena. Galena and other minerals occur
epigenetically with barite along porous zones between brecciated barite crystals and are especially abundant in the hardly
mylonitized zones. Fluid inclusion studies indicate that the ore deposits of the area were developed by hydrothermal fluids
with following characteristics: they contained NaCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2; the salinity of the fluids was relatively high and their temperature was low during the crystallization of barites in the
earlier episode of mineralization; and the salinity of the fluids decreased and their temperature increased during the crystallization
of sulfide minerals through the later episode of mineralization. δ18O and the δD results indicate that the water in the mineralizing fluid was of meteoric origin. The deposits were formed by
deep meteoric water circulating through marine sediments. Shallow circulating and slightly warmed fluids dissolved Ba and
sulfate from marine sediments of the basement and transported them to the mineralization environment during the early episode,
while deep circulating and more heated fluids dissolved Pb, Zn, and other elements from the basement and reached the environment
during the later episode of mineralization.
The text was submitted by the authors in English. 相似文献
76.
Jerome Métral Laurent Charlet Sara Bureau Sukumar Basu Mallik Sudipta Chakraborty Kazi M Ahmed MW Rahman Zhongqi Cheng Alexander van Geen 《Geochemical transactions》2008,9(1):1
Background
The origin of the spatial variability of dissolved As concentrations in shallow aquifers of the Bengal Basin remains poorly understood. To address this, we compare here transects of simultaneously-collected groundwater and aquifer solids perpendicular to the banks of the Hooghly River in Chakdaha, India, and the Old Brahmaputra River in Araihazar, Bangladesh. 相似文献77.
A multi-lithology diffusive stratigraphic model is considered, which simulates at large scales in space and time the infill
of sedimentary basins governed by the interaction between tectonics displacements, eustatic variations, sediment supply, and
sediment transport laws. The model accounts for the mass conservation of each sediment lithology resulting in a mixed parabolic,
hyperbolic system of partial differential equations (PDEs) for the lithology concentrations and the sediment thickness. It
also takes into account a limit on the rock alteration velocity modeled as a unilaterality constraint. To obtain a robust,
fast, and accurate simulation, fully and semi-implicit finite volume discre tization schemes are derived for which the existence
of stable solutions is proved. Then, the set of nonlinear equations is solved using a Newton algorithm adapted to the unilaterality
constraint, and preconditioning strategies are defined for the solution of the linear system at each Newton iteration. They
are based on an algebraic approximate decoupling of the sediment thickness and the concentration variables as well as on a
proper preconditioning of each variable. These algorithms are studied and compared in terms of robustness, scalability, and
efficiency on two real basin test cases. 相似文献
78.
Contributions of boron isotopes to understanding the hydrogeochemistry of the coastal detritic aquifer of Castellón Plain,Spain 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The Castellón Plain alluvial aquifer, Spain, is intensively exploited to meet the demand for agricultural irrigation and industrial water supply. The geochemistry of its groundwater shows complex salinization in the northern and southern parts of the aquifer, with significant pollution from human origin in the central portion. Boron content and B isotope geochemistry are useful for distinguishing between various sources of pollution and their relative importance in different parts of this aquifer. Boron concentrations in the groundwater vary between 0.01 and 0.85 mg/L. In the more saline groundwaters, found at the northern and southern ends of the study area, the presence of B is linked to inputs from seawater and water with a calcium-magnesium sulphate facies, which feed the aquifer and clearly influence the chemistry of its waters. Evidence of B adsorption processes in some samples is shown by the low B/Cl ratios and the high values of δ11B. In the central portion of the aquifer, the high B/Cl ratios and the strongly negative δ11B are related to pollution of human origin. 相似文献
79.
Stéphanie Brichau Jean-Patrick Respaut Patrick Monié 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2008,97(4):725-738
During the development of the Variscan orogeny, large amounts of granitic melt were produced, giving rise to the intrusion
of granitoids at different structural levels. Despite numerous studies, ages available from previous work on the Cévennes
granites remain largely imprecise. In order to better constrain the age and emplacement mode of these granites, we have combined
U–Pb dating on monazites and zircons and 40Ar/39Ar dating on biotites with petrological observations, major element chemical analysis and SEM zircon imaging on five samples
from the Aigoual–St Guiral–Liron and Mont Lozère granitic massifs. The results revealed that granitic intrusions and cooling
in Southern Cévennes occurred in a short time span at ∼306 Ma after the main episode of regional metamorphism. Petrological
and chemical data suggest that they result from a mixing between mantle-derived basic magmas (lamprophyres) and lower crust
acid magmas. At a regional scale the production of these melts occurred at the end of crustal thickening induced by nappe
stacking, at the same time as the late anatectic events recorded further north in the Velay dome and the granulite facies
metamorphism recorded in metasedimentary granulite enclaves brought up by Tertiary volcanoes of the Velay area (Bournac). 相似文献
80.
Erik Rüttener Juan José Egozcue Dieter Mayer-Rosa Stephan Mueller 《Natural Hazards》1996,14(2-3):165-178
Seismic hazard analysis is based on data and models, which both are imprecise and uncertain. Especially the interpretation of historical information into earthquake parameters, e.g. earthquake size and location, yields ambiguous and imprecise data. Models based on probability distributions have been developed in order to quantify and represent these uncertainties. Nevertheless, the majority of the procedures applied in seismic hazard assessment do not take into account these uncertainties, nor do they show the variance of the results. Therefore, a procedure based on Bayesian statistics was developed to estimate return periods for different ground motion intensities (MSK scale).Bayesian techniques provide a mathematical model to estimate the distribution of random variables in presence of uncertainties. The developed method estimates the probability distribution of the number of occurrences in a Poisson process described by the parameter . The input data are the historical occurrences of intensities for a particular site, represented by a discrete probability distribution for each earthquake. The calculation of these historical occurrences requires a careful preparation of all input parameters, i.e. a modelling of their uncertainties. The obtained results show that the variance of the recurrence rate is smaller in regions with higher seismic activity than in less active regions. It can also be demonstrated that long return periods cannot be estimated with confidence, because the time period of observation is too short. This indicates that the long return periods obtained by seismic source methods only reflects the delineated seismic sources and the chosen earthquake size distribution law. 相似文献