Berechnung der Lotabweichungen infolge der Meeresgezeitenattraktion für die Erdgezeitenstationen Freiberg,Brezove Hory und Sclaigneaux     

Dipl. Ing. Erwin Groten 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1963,56(1):1-15

Zusammenfassung Vergleicht man die infolge der Gezeitenkräfte an der Erdoberfläche auftretenden Neigungen mit den theoretisch für eine elastische Erde zu erwartenden Deformationen, so zeigt sich, daß die Differenz aus beiden — die sogenannte Residualbewegung — die für die jeweilige Gezeitenstation charakteristische Eigenbewegung darstellt. Sie enthält als wesentlichen Anteil die ozeanischen Wirkungen. Subtrahiert man daher von den Residualbewegungen diese maritimen Gezeiteneinflüsse, so ergeben sich die infolge der lunisolaren Attraktionskräfte auftretenden lokalen Verbiegungen der Erdkruste. Ein Vergleich der in europäischen und asiatischen Horizontalpendelstationen gemessenen Deformationen deutet außerdem auf einen engen Zusammenhang zwischen Residualbewegungen und Tektonik hin.

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Summary A comparison of the tilts excited by tidal forces on the surface of the earth and the theoretical tilts of an elastic earth shows that the difference of both, called the residual movements, represent a caracteristic local deformation of the corresponding observation station. By subtracting the influence of ocean tides from these residuals remain the special local deformations of the earth crust by direct tidal attraction forces. The results of the observations of different stations in Europe and Asia indicate a good agreement between those residuals and the tectonic structure of the crust.

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Plagioklaseinschlüsse in Sanidineinsprenglingen der Nevadite von den Cerros Alifragas.     

Erwin Nickel 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1948,1(4):403-406

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

Mud volcanoes and gas vents in the Okhotsk Sea area   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Shakirov  Renat  Obzhirov  Anatoly  Suess  Erwin  Salyuk  Anatoly  Biebow  Nicole 《Geo-Marine Letters》2004,24(3):140-149

Gas emissions from mud volcanoes on Sakhalin Island and water-column gas flares arising from cold seeps in the Okhotsk Sea appear to be related. They are likely activated by tectonic movements along the transform plate boundary separating the Okhotsk Sea Plate from the Eurasian and Amur plates. Gas vents (flares) and methane anomalies occur in the waters offshore Sakhalin Island, along with NE-SW-trending mounds and fluid escape structures on the seafloor. The intersection of the NE-striking transverse faults on land with the Central Sakhalin and Hokkaido-Sakhalin shear zones apparently determines the sites of mud volcanoes, a pattern that continues offshore where the intersection with the East Sakhalin and West Derugin shear zones determines the sites of the submarine gas vents.  相似文献   

How sensitive are estimates of carbon fixation in agricultural models to input data?     

Markus Tum  Franziska Strauss  Ian McCallum  Kurt Günther  Erwin Schmid 《Carbon balance and management》2012,7(1):1-13

Background

Accurate, high-resolution mapping of aboveground carbon density (ACD, Mg C ha^-1) could provide insight into human and environmental controls over ecosystem state and functioning, and could support conservation and climate policy development. However, mapping ACD has proven challenging, particularly in spatially complex regions harboring a mosaic of land use activities, or in remote montane areas that are difficult to access and poorly understood ecologically. Using a combination of field measurements, airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and satellite data, we present the first large-scale, high-resolution estimates of aboveground carbon stocks in Madagascar.

Results

We found that elevation and the fraction of photosynthetic vegetation (PV) cover, analyzed throughout forests of widely varying structure and condition, account for 27-67% of the spatial variation in ACD. This finding facilitated spatial extrapolation of LiDAR-based carbon estimates to a total of 2,372,680 ha using satellite data. Remote, humid sub-montane forests harbored the highest carbon densities, while ACD was suppressed in dry spiny forests and in montane humid ecosystems, as well as in most lowland areas with heightened human activity. Independent of human activity, aboveground carbon stocks were subject to strong physiographic controls expressed through variation in tropical forest canopy structure measured using airborne LiDAR.

Conclusions

High-resolution mapping of carbon stocks is possible in remote regions, with or without human activity, and thus carbon monitoring can be brought to highly endangered Malagasy forests as a climate-change mitigation and biological conservation strategy.  相似文献   

Investigation of runoff generation in a pristine,poorly gauged catchment in the Chilean Andes II: Qualitative and quantitative use of tracers at three spatial scales     

Theresa Blume  Erwin Zehe  Axel Bronstert 《水文研究》2008,22(18):3676-3688

Understanding runoff generation processes is important for flood prediction, water management, erosion control, water quality, contaminant transport and the evaluation of impacts of land use change. However, little process research has been carried out in southern Chile. In particular the young volcanic ash soils, which are typical for this area, are not well understood in their hydrologic behaviour. To establish a ‘reference study’ which can then be used for comparison with other (disturbed) sites, this study focuses on the investigation of runoff generation processes in an undisturbed, forested catchment in the Chilean Andes. The paper reports on an investigation of these processes with different tracer methods at different spatial scales. Hydrograph separation with environmental isotopes and geochemical constituents was used on the catchment scale. Thermal energy was used as a tracer to investigate groundwater–surface water interactions at the local stream reach scale and dye tracers were used to study infiltration and percolation characteristics at the plot scale. It was found that pre‐event water dominates the storm hydrograph. In the lower reaches, however, water usually exfiltrates from the stream into the adjacent aquifer. The dye tracer experiments showed that while preferential vertical flow dominates under forest, water infiltrates as a straight horizontal front in the bare volcanic ashes (no vegetation) on the catchment rim. Subsurface flow patterns in the forest differ significantly from summer to winter. All three approaches used in this study suggest an important shift in dominant processes from dry to wet season. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Process identification through rejection of model structures in a mid‐mountainous rural catchment: observations of rainfall–runoff response,geophysical conditions and model inter‐comparison     

Thomas Graeff  Erwin Zehe  Dominik Reusser  Erika Lück  Boris Schröder  Gerald Wenk  Hermann John  Axel Bronstert 《水文研究》2009,23(5):702-718

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C NMR, micro-FTIR and fluorescence spectra, and pyrolysis-gas chromatograms of coalified foliage of late Carboniferous medullosan seed ferns, Nova Scotia, Canada: Implications for coalification and chemotaxonomy     

Paul C. Lyons  William H. Orem  Maria Mastalerz  Erwin L. Zodrow  Angelika Vieth-Redemann  R. Marc Bustin 《International Journal of Coal Geology》1995,27(2-4)

The cuticles and cuticle-free compressions of three Carboniferous medullosan seed-fern leaf species (Macroneuropteris scheuchzeri, Neuropteris ovata var. simonii and Alethopteris lesquereuxii) were analyzed by elemental, ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), micro-FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) and coal petrographic techniques. The 13C NMR spectra of the cuticle-free compressions and the associated whole coal (high volatile A/B bituminous coal rank) are generally similar and consist of a large aromatic carbon peak, a smaller aliphatic carbon peak and a shoulder on the aromatic peak, representing phenolic carbons. In contrast, the ¹³C NMR spectra of the cuticles from the same leaves have a predominant peak for aliphatic carbons and a much smaller aromatic carbon peak. This difference in aromaticity between the cuticles and the cuticle-free compressions is also reflected in the higher atomic H/C ratios of the cuticles. Micro-FTIR spectra of the cuticles show oxygenated functional groups (carboxyl and ketone) similar to those in modern cuticles but their most characteristic feature is very strong bands in the aliphatic stretching region. The cuticle-free compressions (mainly vitrinite), in turn, show the absence or significant reduction in oxygenated functional groups, reduction in aliphatic stretching bands and, usually, increased absorbance of aromatic out-of-plane deformation in the 700–900 cm⁻¹ region. Fluorescence spectra for the cuticles from all three species show a great similarity with a λ_max at 580–590 nm, probably reflecting a similardegree of coalification, which is consistent with the similar vitrinite reflectance (R_r) and H/C and O/C ratios of the cuticlefree compressions.These results indicate that leaf cuticle-free compressions, which were initially cellulose rich ( 90% cellulose and hemicellulose, < 10% lignin), can alter, during peatification and coalification, to a macromolecular structure similar to that of coalified wood (initially 50% cellulose and hemicellulose, 30%–50% lignin). Thus, a lignin-enriched structure is not a prerequisite for the formation of the macromolecular structure of vitrinite. In addition, the micro-FTIR spectra reveal the complexity of the molecular structure in coalified seed-fern leaves. The micro-FFIR data reveal some significant differences among the cuticles that may be of chemotaxonomic value. Clearly, a combination of macro- and micro-techniques offers a better basis for the interpretation of the molecular structure of pre-macerals and their alteration during peatification and coalification. Also, the data presented in this paper provide important new information that extends the data from morphological and cuticular taxonomic studies of some seed ferns. The data are encouraging preliminary advances in the chemotaxonomy of medullosan seed fern species.Pyrolysis-gas chromatography (PY-GC) data for the cuticles of three seed-fern leaves indicate distinct chemical signatures for the two neuropterid leaves as compared to the Alethopteris leaf. This perhaps indicates a chemotaxomic factor, or it could be related to the greater thickness of the cuticle of Alethopteris. Mass spectrometric data are needed to identify individual components in the PY-GC chromatograms.  相似文献   

Mikrofossilien in Süsswassersedimenten     

Prof. Dr. Erwin Rutte 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1962,51(2):657-663

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

The replacement of chrome spinel by chromian valleriite in sulphide-bearing ultramafic rocks in Western Australia     

E. H. Nickel  D. R. Hudson 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1976,55(3):265-277

Chromian valleriite occurs as a replacement product of chrome spinel in the Nepean and Perseverance nickel-iron sulphide deposits of Western Australia. Compositions determined for chromian valleriites are variable due to intergrowth with spinel and to substitution of Fe and Ni for Cu. At Perseverance, valleriite, with minor admixed chrome spinel, has a composition expressed by the formula Fe_1.18Cu_0.81Ni_0.01S_2.00·2.03[Mg_0.50Cr_0.37Mn_0.08Fe_0.03Ti_0.01Al_0.01(OH)_2.00]. Nepean valleriites are similarly intergrown with spinel, with the purest chromian valleriites varying in composition from a nickel-poor Fe_1.21Cu_0.78Ni_0.01S_2.00·1-46.[Mg_0.43Cr_0.18Mn_0.05Fe_0.30(OH)₂] to Fe_1.58Cu_0.28Ni_0.15S_2.00·1.79[Mg_0.51Cr_0.30Fe_0.16Ti_0.03(OH)₂]. Conversion of chrome spinel to valleriite is attributed to addition of Cu and S from the breakdown of chalcopyrite, addition of Mg from serpentinising olivine and limited addition of Ni from the breakdown of pentlandite to mackinawite. These processes are thought to occur as post-metamorphic hydrothermal reactions in nickel sulphide ores that have been subjected to high grade regional metamorphism.  相似文献   

Compaction of coarse-grained sediments,I (Developments in Sedimentology, 18A): George V. Chilingarian and Karl H. Wolf (Editors). Elsevier,Amsterdam, 1975, 552 pp., 233 ill., 45 tables,Dfl. 130.00     

E. Nickel 《Sedimentary Geology》1976,16(2):156-158

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