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The Guil River Valley (Queyras, Southern French Alps) is prone to catastrophic floods, as the long historical archives and Holocene sedimentary records demonstrate. In June 2000, the upper part of this valley was affected by a “30-year” recurrence interval (R.I.) flood. Although of lower magnitude and somewhat different nature from that of 1957 (>100-year R.I. flood), the 2000 event induced serious damage to infrastructure and buildings on the valley floor. Use of methods including high-resolution aerial photography, multi-date mapping, hydraulic calculations and field observations made possible the characterisation of the geomorphic impacts on the Guil River and its tributaries. The total rainfall (260 mm in four days) and maximum hourly intensity (17.3 mm h−1), aggravated by pre-existing saturated soils, explain the immediate response of the fluvial system and the subsequent destabilisation of slopes. Abundant water and sediment supply (landsliding, bank erosion), particularly from small catchment basins cut into slaty, schist bedrock, resulted in destructive pulses of debris flow and hyperconcentrated flows. The specific stream power of the Guil and its tributaries was greater than the critical stream power, thus explaining the abundant sediment transport. The Guil discharge was estimated as 180 m3 s−1 at Aiguilles, compared to the annual mean discharge of 6 m3 s−1 and a June mean discharge of 18 m3 s−1. The impacts on the Guil valley floor (flooding, aggradation, generalised bank erosion and changes in the river pattern) were widespread and locally influenced by variations in the floodplain slope and/or channel geometry. The stream partially reoccupied former channels abandoned or modified in their geometry by various structures built during the last four decades, as exemplified by the Aiguilles case study, where the worst damage took place. A comparative study of the geomorphic consequences of both the 1957 and 2000 floods shows that, despite their poor maintenance, the flood control structures built after the 1957 event were relatively efficient, in contrast to unprotected places. The comparison also demonstrates the role of land-use changes (conversion from traditional agro-pastoral life to a ski/hiking-based economy, construction of various structures) in reducing the Guil channel capacity and, more generally, in increasing the vulnerability of the human installations. The efficiency of the measures taken after the 2000 flood (narrowing and digging out of the channel) is also assessed. Final evaluation suggests that, in such high mountainous environments, there is a need to keep most of the 1957 flooded zone clear of buildings and other structures (aside from the existing villages and structures of particular economic interest), in order to enable the river to migrate freely and to adjust to exceptional hydro-geomorphic conditions without causing major damage. 相似文献
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Janet M. Hergt L. Paul Bédard Etienne Deloule Kathryn L. Linge Paul J. Sylvester Michael Wiedenbeck Jon D. Woodhead 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2005,29(1):5-52
The articles that comprise this critical review serve to draw attention to research papers published in specific fields of interest during 2003, provide critical comment on the relevance and importance of individual publications in these fields, and offer an overview of the comparative importance of advances in particular areas. In this way, these articles aim to assist experts in the field by keeping them informed of relevant recent publications, as well as providing an important resource for students or early career researchers who are embarking on studies in an area new to them. This year, five papers provide summaries of developments in bulk sample determinations employing (1) ICP-AES and ICP-MS (trace elements), (2) XRF and atomic absorption spectrometry and INAA, (3) isotope ratio measurements (TIMS, MC-ICP-MS, ICP-MS, ToF), as well as in situ measurements conducted using (4) secondary ion mass spectrometry and (5) laser ablation ICP-MS (trace element and isotope ratio determinations). 相似文献
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Etienne Jaillard 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1987,76(3):677-697
The sedimentary evolution of the North Peruvian margin during upper Cretaceous can be summarized as follows:The upper Aptian transgression involved the whole margin, and was accompanied by minor, local, synsedimentary tectonic features. It could be coeval with the individualization of the Western ensialic marginal basin. The transgression reached its maximum during middle Albian, and is associated with anoxic deposits, and with the main activity of the marginal basin.A regression followed during the upper Albian. It was materialized during lower Cenomanian by intertidal deposits, by a westward deltaic progradation, and by synsedimentary tectonic features. This regressive maximum is correlatable with the tectonic closure and folding of the western marginal basin.Then, the great upper Cretaceous transgression affected the eastern parts of the margin. Major deepening stages occured during late Middle Cenomanian and at the base of the Turonian. During Turonian, a widespread, calm carbonate shelf developed. A new major transgressive pulse occured at the Turonian-Coniacian boundary. As a result of a general uplift, the whole margin emerged diachronically between Santonian and Campanian, leading to the deposition of continental Red Beds. The latter recorded a new tectonic phase of uppermost Senonian age.During upper Cretaceous times, the sedimentary evolution of the North Peruvian margin appears to be controlled both by the eustatic sea-level changes, and by the uppermost Albian to early Cenomanian, and the upper Senonian tectonic events.
Zusammenfassung Die sedimentäre Entwicklung des nordperuanischen Kontinentalrandes zeigt während der Ober-Kreide folgende Etappen: die Transgression des Oberaptes erstreckt sich über den gesamten Kontinentalrand und geht mit leichten synsedimentären tektonischen Diskonformitäten einher, die gleichzeitig mit der Entstehung des westlichen Randbeckens zu sehen sind. Die Transgression erreicht ihren Höhepunkt im mittleren Alb, sie ist verbunden mit anoxischen Ablagerungen und mit den Hauptbewegungen im randlichen Becken. Im Oberalb folgt eine Regression. Sie zeigt sich im unteren Cenoman durch intertidale Ablagerungen, durch nach Westen progradierende Deltas und durch synsedimentäre Tektonik. Der Höhepunkt der Regression ist verbunden mit der tektonischen Isolation und Faltung des westlichen Randbeckens.Die große Transgression während der Oberkreide beeinflußt vor allen Dingen die östlichen Teile des Randes. Wesentliche Eintiefungsphasen erscheinen im oberen Mittelcenoman und an der Basis des Turons. Während des Turons entwickelt sich ein weiter Karbonatschelf. Ein größerer Transgressionsvorstoß erscheint an der Grenze von Turon zu Coniac. Als Ergebnis einer generellen Heraushebung wird der gesamte Kontinentrand diachron zwischen Santon und Campan herausgehoben und es entstehen kontinentale Rotablagerungen. Diese Sedimente dokumentieren eine neue tektonische Phase im obersten Senon. Während der Oberkreide wird die sedimentäre Weiterentwicklung des nordperuanischen Kontinentalrandes durch globale Meeresspiegelschwankungen zusammen mit tektonischen Ereignissen (Oberapt, Oberalb-unteres Cenoman, Senon und oberstes Senon) kontrolliert.
Résumé L'évolution sédimentaire de la marge nord-péruvienne au Crétacé supérieur peut être résumée ainsi:La transgression de l'Aptien supérieur affecte toute la marge, et s'accompagne d'une légère instabilité tectonique localisée. Celle-ci peut être contemporaine de l'individualisation du bassin marginal occidental. La transgression atteint son maximum à l'Albien moyen. Elle est contemporaine de dépôts anoxiques et de l'activité du bassin marginal.Une régression survient au cours de l'Albien supérieur. Elle se matérialise au Cénomanien inférieur par l'installation d'une plate-forme carbonatée, puis par la progradation du delta oriental et par des mouvements tectoniques synsédimentaires. Cette régression est en relation avec la fermeture du bassin marginal occidental.La grande transgression du Crétacé supérieur affecte ensuite les zones orientales de la marge, les étapes majeures d'approfondissement se situant à la fin du Cénomanien moyen et à la base du Turonien. Au Turonien, une vaste plate-forme carbonatée s'installe, et un nouvel approfondissement survient à la limite Turonien-Coniacien. A la suite d'une surrection générale, la marge émerge de façon diachrone entre le Santonien et le Campanien, donnant lieu au dépôt des Couches Rouges continentales qui enregistrent au Sénonien terminal un nouvel événement tectonique.Au Crétacé supérieur, l'evolution sédimentaire de la marge nord-péruvienne semble donc contrôlée à la fois par les variations eustatiques, et par les événements tectoniques de l'Albien terminal-Cénomanien inférieur, et du Sénonien.
: , . ; . , -, . . . . . / . ; . . , ( , , , ).相似文献
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André Deprit Jesúus Palacián Etienne Deprit 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》2001,79(3):157-182
The relegation algorithm extends the method of normalization by Lie transformations. Given a Hamiltonian that is a power series = 0+ 1+ ... of a small parameter , normalization constructs a map which converts the principal part 0into an integral of the transformed system — relegation does the same for an arbitrary function [G]. If the Lie derivative induced by [G] is semi-simple, a double recursion produces the generator of the relegating transformation. The relegation algorithm is illustrated with an elementary example borrowed from galactic dynamics; the exercise serves as a standard against which to test software implementations. Relegation is also applied to the more substantial example of a Keplerian system perturbed by radiation pressure emanating from a rotating source.This revised version was published online in October 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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运用离子探针技术测定了河北汉诺坝新生代玄武岩中3个单斜辉石巨晶的氢同位素组成，结果显示同一颗粒内部表现出微尺度的不均一性，2mm范围内δD的变化达到60‰。δD和氢含量之间不存在同步的变化，巨晶内部的化学成分均一，因此我们认为巨晶的氢同位素不均一性继续自母岩浆。母岩浆的氢同位素变化可能是去气过程中气相与熔体之间的分馏引起的。单斜辉石巨晶形成后很短的时间内即被寄主岩浆带至地表并经历了快速淬火。 相似文献