Prediction of phytoavailability of trace metals to plants: Comparison between chemical extractions and soil-grown radish     

Fabienne Baraud  Lydia Leleyter 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2012,344(8):385-395

One of the major routes of human exposure to toxic metals is the consumption of vegetables grown on contaminated soils. Radishes were grown in three different soils (kitchen garden, agricultural and industrial soils), presenting various contamination levels. A sequential extraction procedure was compared with EDTA and HCl simple extractions methods in order to predict the metals phytoavailabilty to radish. The analysis of the results shows that the simple HCl and sequential chemical extractions bring complementary results, since HCl is correlated in the phytoavailability of Cd, Mn and Zn, whereas the sequential extraction is correlated in the phytoavailability of Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni. EDTA simple extraction brings here less interesting results than the two other tested extractions.  相似文献   

Deglacial to postglacial palaeoenvironments of the Celtic Sea: lacustrine conditions versus a continuous marine sequence     

Mark F. A. Furze  James D. Scourse  Anna J. Pieńkowski  Fabienne Marret  William O. Hobbs  Rosemary A. Carter  Brian T. Long 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2014,43(1):149-174

Recent work on the last glaciation of the British Isles has led to an improved understanding of the nature and timing of the retreat of the British?Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS) from its southern maximum (Isles of Scilly), northwards into the Celtic and Irish seas. However, the nature of the deglacial environments across the Celtic Sea shelf, the extent of subaerial exposure and the existence (or otherwise) of a contiguous terrestrial linkage between Britain and Ireland following ice retreat remains ambiguous. Multiproxy research, based on analysis of 12 BGS vibrocores from the Celtic Deep Basin (CDB), seeks to address these issues. CDB cores exhibit a shell‐rich upward fining sequence of Holocene marine sand above an erosional contact cut in laminated muds with infrequent lonestones. Molluscs, in situ Foraminifera and marine diatoms are absent from the basal muds, but rare damaged freshwater diatoms and foraminiferal linings occur. Dinoflagellate cysts and other non‐pollen palynomorphs evidence diverse, environmentally incompatible floras with temperate, boreal and Arctic glaciomarine taxa co‐occurring. Such multiproxy records can be interpreted as representing a retreating ice margin, with reworking of marine sediments into a lacustrine basin. Equally, the same record may be interpreted as recording similar conditions within a semi‐enclosed marine embayment dominated by meltwater export and deposition of reworked microfossils. As assemblages from these cores contrast markedly with proven glaciomarine sequences from outside the CDB, a glaciolacustrine interpretation is favoured for the laminated sequence, truncated by a Late Weichselian transgressive sequence fining upwards into fully marine conditions. Reworked rare intertidal molluscs from immediately above the regional unconformity provide a minimum date c. 13.9 cal. ka BP for commencement of widespread marine erosion. Although suggestive of glaciolacustrine conditions, the exact nature and timing of laminated sediment deposition within the CDB, and the implications this has on (pen)insularity of Ireland following deglaciation, remain elusive.  相似文献   

Geochemistry of the M'Passa Pb-Zn deposit (Niari syncline,People's Republic of the Congo). Arguments in favor of a hydrothermal origin     

G. Buffet  J. Amosse  D. Mouzita  P. Giraud 《Mineralium Deposita》1987,22(1):64-77

The Pb-Zn deposits of the M'Passa mine are located on faults running in a Combian (i.e., N50°E) direction. The interpretation preferred by most authors over the last decade is that synsedimentary ore concentrations have been redistributed in the vicinity of fault zones. This paper presents the results of a detailed study of the behavior of 11 metallic elements (V, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Pb) systematically measured along a well-exposed section (94 samples, in 28 of which As was also measured). Principal component analysis of the data shows a regular decrease in the total metal content with increasing distance from the fault zones; it also brings to light groupings of metallic elements into a group of mobile elements (Pb, Zn, Cd) and a group of less mobile elements (Ag, Cu, Mo, Fe, Co). The latter are concentrated in and near the fault zone. This distribution corroborates a normal thermal zoning of elements issued from the faults rather than a lateral leaching of a preexisting ore concentration down the fault zone. A gradient in Fe content in sphalerite observed over both ore trends could also indicate regularly decreasing thermal conditions during ore formation. In addition, exploratory measurements of sulfur isotopes clearly indicate an ore concentration process different from an euxinic process. Other synsedimentary metal concentrations related to organic matter evolution seem difficult to reconcile with the total residual organic carbon content, and characteristic ratios regarding organic carbon do not show at the present time any relation with organic matter evolution. Rather than assuming that all organic indicators were erased during the geological evolution of the M'Passa deposit, a model is preferred in which local hydrothermal deposition issued from the fault and diffused through specific dolomitic strata. Paleokarstic features may be regarded as passive ore reservoirs or could be the result of alteration associated with hydrothermal fluids.

---

Résumé Les concentrations Pb-Zn exploitées à M'Passa sont localisées sur des failles de direction combienne (N50°E). L'interprétation préférée par la plupart des auteurs de la dernière décennie suppose une préconcentration synsédimentaire, redistribuée dans des zones faillées. Les résultats de l'étude détaillée du comportement de 11 éléments métalliques (V, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Pb), dosés systématiquement le long de coupes continues (94 échantillons, dont 28 d'entre eux dosés aussi en As) ne permettent pas de confirmer cette hypothèse. L'analyse en composantes principales des teneurs met en évidence une décroissance régulière de la teneur en métaux en s'éloignant des zones faillées. Elle permet aussi de mettre en évidence des groupes de métaux dont une famille d'éléments plus mobiles (Pb, Zn, Cd) et une autre famille d'éléments moins mobiles (Ag, Cu, Mo, Fe, Co). Ces derniers sont concentrés préférentiellement à l'intérieur ou à proximité des zones faillées. Cette distribution s'accorderait davantage avec un zonage thermique normal enraciné dans les failles plutôt qu'avec une redistribution per-descensum de concentrations préexistantes. La décroissance régulière de la teneur en Fe de la blende, fonction de la distance à la faille et indépendante du type de minerai, pourrait aussi avoir été accompagnée d'un gradient thermique au cours du dépot. Quelques mesures exploratoires de constitution isotopique du soufre permettent aussi d'écarter une origine euxinique des sulfures. D'autres possibilités de concentration associée à l'évolution de matières organiques paraisent aussi difficiles à concilier avec la teneur résiduelle en carbone organique. L'absence de relation entre rapports organiques caractéristiques et nature du minerai ne permet pas de conclure à une relation avec l'évolution de la matière organique. Donc, plutôt que considérer que tout marqueur organique aurait été effacé au cours de l'évolution géologique postérieure au dépot, on préfère dans l'état actuel des connaissances un modèle apparenté à une précipitation hydrothermale initiée dans les zones faillées et prolongée latéralement dans des nìveaux dolomitiques spécifiques. Les traits paléokarstiques de ces niveaux seraient alors à envisager, soit comme des réservoirs passifs, soit comme le résutat de l'altération d'épontes par des fluides hydrothermaux.

---

---

G. Buffet present address: INRIA, Avenue Emile Hugues, Sophia Antipolis, France-06565 Valbonne Cedex (reprints)  相似文献   

Analytical treatment of air drag and earth oblateness effects upon an artificial satellite     

Fabienne Delhaise 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》1991,52(1):85-103

A development of an analytical solution for the motion of an artificial Earth satellite subject to the combined effects of Earth gravity and air drag is presented. The atmospheric model takes into account a linear variation of the density scale height with altitude, the rotation and the oblateness of the atmosphere. The perturbation theory is based upon Lie transforms. The secular and long-periodic terms as well as the short-periodic effects are included in the theory which is valid for small to moderate eccentricities and for all values of the inclination.Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research  相似文献   

NO<Subscript>3</Subscript> Vertical Profile Measurements from Remote Sensing Balloon-Borne Spectrometers and Comparison with Model Calculations     

Jean-Baptiste?RenardEmail author  Martyn?P.?Chipperfield  Gwena?l?Berthet  Fabienne?Goffinont-Taupin  Claude?Robert  Michel?Chartier  Howard?Roscoe  Wuhu?Feng  Emmanuel?Rivière  Michel?Pirre 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2005,51(1):65-78

Eleven vertical profiles of stratospheric NO₃ have been obtained since 1992 using the AMON and SALOMON balloon-borne UV-visible spectrometers. The measurements are compared to the SLIMCAT 3D model and calculations based on the steady-state hypothesis for NO₃. The calculations cannot reproduce some parts of the profiles which exhibit strong concentration fluctuations over few kilometres, as a consequence of the dependence of NO₃ on local temperature variations. A statistical use of the data allows us to estimate the influence of the temperature dependence of the absorption cross-section on the data analysis, and the validity of the recommended reaction rates available in the literature. Discrepancies exist between the model based on recommended kinetics and observations at warmer temperatures. Nevertheless, the analysis is biased by local temperature inhomogeneities, and only a low-resolution vertical shape of the NO₃ profiles can be retrieved.  相似文献   

About the effect of relative humidity on the indentation response of Meuse/Haute�CMarne argillite     

Vincent Magnenet  Albert Giraud  Christophe Auvray 《Acta Geotechnica》2011,6(3):155-166

The unsaturated poromechanical behavior of Callovo-Oxfordian argillite (also referred to as Meuse/Haute–Marne argillite) is analyzed by means of indentation tests at different hygrometries. Numerical simulations carried out with a finite element code are then used to simulate flat punch indentation tests at different controlled hygrometries. The numerical response F(h) is compared to experimental data in order to estimate the drained Young’s modulus E and the internal friction angle \Upphi\Upphi (at high confinement) by means of a back analysis. A linear decrease in the drained Young’s modulus and quasi-constant values of the internal friction angle are observed when the relative humidity ranges. Some predictions of the model are also presented to quantify the activation of hydraulic phenomena. Indeed, the maximal variation of the saturation and porosity relative to the initial state of the specimen are lower than 10% and 8%, respectively.  相似文献   

Weathering of sandstone lotus petals at the Angkor site: a 1,000-year stone durability trial   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Marie-Françoise André  Bruno Phalip  Olivier Voldoire  Franck Vautier  Yves Géraud  Mhammed Benbakkar  Christophe Constantin  Fabienne Huber  Gilles Morvan 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,63(7-8):1723-1739

This article is based on field investigations carried out at Ta Keo and Banteay Srei temples (Angkor, Cambodia), which have similar environmental histories and display the same recurrent decorative pattern (lotus petal) in three different sandstone lithotypes. Based on two original scales of mechanical and chemical weathering, the degree of deterioration of c.2000 sandstone petals was visually assessed, resulting in the proposal of a durability scale. An explanatory scheme was provided, based on laboratory analyses of stone materials (ICP-AES, XRD, SEM-EDS, polarizing microscopy and mercury injection). The key drivers of sandstone durability are both mineralogical and petrophysical. The remarkable preservation of the pink sandstone is due to the quartzose nature of its clasts, the non-swelling clay content of its abundant matrix (kaolinite) and its porosity structure (large connected pores and probable non-connected porosity). The overall good preservation of the green sandstone is due to its extremely low porosity and specific surface area, associated with its strong cementation. The severe deterioration of the grey sandstone is due to its laminated structure (oriented biotites), the susceptibility to hygric swelling and solution of its binding agents (chlorite/smectite and calcite) and its porosity structure, which evolves during a two-stage weathering sequence. The first stage is characterized by a bimodal porosity due to the partial clogging of macropores by swelling clays, and the second stage by a substantial increase in porosity and the penetration of salts (barite and anhydrite). Conversely, oxidation phenomena associated with weathering can lead to a drastic reduction of porosity.  相似文献   

Low-ionization galaxies and evolution in a pilot survey up to z=1     

Edmond Giraud  Jorge Melnick  Hernan Quintana  Fernando Selman  Ignacio Toledo  Paula Zelaya 《中国天文和天体物理学报》2011,11(3)

We present galactic spectroscopic data from a pencil beam of 10.75×7.5 centered on the X-ray cluster RXJ0054.0-2823 at z=0.29.We study the spectral evolution of galaxies from z=1 down to the cluster redshift in a magnitude-limited sample at R≤23,for which the statistical properties of the sample are well understood.We divide emission-line galaxies into star-forming galaxies,Low Ionization Nuclear Emission line Regions(LINERs) ,and Seyferts by using emission-line ratios of[OII],Hβ,and[OIII],and derive stella...  相似文献   

Three-dimensional poromechanical back analysis of the pulse test accounting for transverse isotropy   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

Richard Giot  Albert Giraud  Théophile Guillon  Christophe Auvray 《Acta Geotechnica》2012,7(3):151-165

The pulse test is usually considered as an efficient test for measuring the permeability of weakly permeable porous media. It is generally interpreted by comparison of experimental and theoretical curves obtained by a simplified 1D analytical solution. In a previous work, we proposed an improvement for test interpretation, through fully coupled numerical modeling in 2D axisymmetric configurations. The numerical modeling took into account the poromechanical coupling and exhibited 2D effects that cannot be assessed with classical interpretation. The modeling was coupled with an inverse method permitting the assessment of intrinsic permeability, mechanical parameters such as Young??s modulus, and poromechanical coupling parameters such as Biot coefficient. The interpretation of the tests on argillites showed anisotropy of the material and revealed the fundamental importance of this anisotropy for further works. The present paper aims at taking into account the transverse isotropy of the rock samples in the poromechanical back analysis of the test. A transverse isotropic poroelastic constitutive law has been developed and implemented in Code_Aster (Edf), and 3D modeling is required to account for all possible orientations of the samples. The poromechanical modeling is still coupled with an inverse method, also implemented in the finite element code. The method was applied to laboratory tests on Meuse/Haute-Marne argillites, on cylindrical samples with axis either parallel or perpendicular to the isotropy planes, and the results were compared with isotropic interpretation. The 3D transverse isotropic modeling provides more consistent values of the parameters than the 2D modeling, particularly for the mechanical parameters.  相似文献   

Mixed-layer salinity budget in the tropical Indian Ocean: seasonal cycle based only on observations   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Casimir Y. Da-Allada  Fabienne Gaillard  Nicolas Kolodziejczyk 《Ocean Dynamics》2015,65(6):845-857

  相似文献