Simulation of sedimentary Ore-Forming processes: Concentration of Pb and Zn from brines into organic and Fe-bearing carbonate sediments     

Dr. James Ferguson  Dr. Bohdan Bubela  Dr. Peter J. Davies 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1975,64(1):767-782

An experimental sedimentary system comprising a tank of 4 m³ capacity equipped for monitoring chemical, mineralogical, and biological changes has been used to investigate the mechanisms by which Pb and Zn may be removed from solution in sulphide-deficient brines and concentrated in sediments. In the experimental system, Pb and Zn together with ferric hydroxides (probably lepidocrosite), organic matter, and a variety of calcium and magnesium carbonate phases, were deposited from an aerobic, highly saline, Pb and Zn-rich brine supporting a vigorous growth of the green alga Chlorococcus sp. The resultant organic and Febearing carbonate sediments contained Pb up to 0.5% and Zn up to 1.0%. Overall concentration factors compared with the overlying brine were in the range 200 to 300. Pb was removed from solution mainly by coprecipitation with carbonate phases; the Pb content of the two major carbonate phases decreasing in the order aragonite to monohydrocalcite. Zn was deposited in association with the Fe-bearing minerals. Complexing of Pb and Zn by organic matter, and the direct precipitation of Pb and Zn carbonates and/or hydroxides made, at most, a secondary contribution to the overall concentration process.  相似文献   

On geoid determination from airborne gravity     

P. Novák  M. Kern  K.-P. Schwarz  M.G. Sideris  B. Heck  S. Ferguson  Y. Hammada  M. Wei 《Journal of Geodesy》2003,76(9-10):510-522

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Micro-Purge Low-Flow Sampling of Uranium-Contaminated Ground Water at the Fernald Environmental Management Project   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

D.E. Shanklin  W.C. Sidle  M.E. Ferguson 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》1995,15(3):168-176

Efforts to sample representative, undisturbed distributions of uranium in ground water beneath the Fernald Environmemal Management Project (FEMP) prompted the application of a novel technique that is less invasive in the monitoring well. Recent studies (Kearl et al. 1992; Barcelona et al. 1994) indicate that representative samples can and should be collected without prior well volume exchange purging or borehole evacuation. Field experiments conducted at the FMMP demonstrate that under specific sampling conditions in a welldefined hydrogeologic system, representative ground water samples for a monitoring program can be obtained without removing the conventional three well volumes from the well. The assumption is made that indicator parameter equilibration may not be necessary to determine when to collect representative samples at the P'liMP. Preliminary results obtained from the field experiment suggest that this may be true. The technique employs low purge rates (< 1 L/min) with dedicated bladder pumps with inlets located in the screened interval of the well, while not disturbing the stagnant water column above the screened interval. If adopted, this technique, termed micro-purge low-flow sampling, will produce representative ground water samples, significantly reduce sampling costs, and minimize; waste water over the monitoring life cycle at the FEMP. This technique is well suited for sites that have been fully characterized and are undergoing long-term monitoring.  相似文献   

The origin and evolution of magmas from the San Pedro-Pellado volcanic complex,S. Chile: multicomponent sources and open system evolution     

Jon P. Davidson  Kurt M. Ferguson  Michael T. Colucci  Michael A. Dungan 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1988,100(4):429-445

The San Pedro-Pellado volcanic complex is located at 36° S in the Chilean Andes. The eruptive rocks of the complex record the development and collapse of a caldera, followed by voluminous, largely basaltic andesite, volcanism. At each stage of evolution, crystal fractionation was accompanied by variable degrees of contamination and mixing. Large variations in incompatible element ratios cannot be produced by closed system evolution. Correlations between indices of differentiation and incompatible element ratios, together with high ¹⁸O values, indicate that basaltic andesites have assimilated crust to generate the evolved volcanic rocks at San Pedro-Pellado. Even in the most mafic rocks, however, incompatible element characteristics are variable as a result of source heterogeneity and deep level processes. The restricted ranges in isotope ratios of Sr, Nd and Pb among San Pedro-Pellado rocks are due to the small contrast in isotopic compositions between magma and wallrock. Three source components are recognized as contributing to parental magmas at San Pedro-Pellado. Although the relative contributions of each cannot be quantified, the volumetrically dominant source component is the sub-arc asthenospheric mantle (MORB source). The major source of LILE is thought to be slab-derived fluids which modified the sub-arc mantle. Other incompatible elements may also have been enriched by interaction with the continental lithosphere (mantle and/or lower crust) during ascent.  相似文献   

Composite flow laws derived from high temperature experimental data on limestone and marble     

Colin C. Ferguson   《Tectonophysics》1983,95(3-4)

An interesting feature of recently published experimental data on high temperature deformation of Solnhofen limestone and Carrara marble is that it is not possible, for either rock, to fit isothermal points on a log strain-rate vs. log stress plot to a single straight line as required for a flow law of the familiar form e = Aexp(- H/RT)σⁿ. Instead for Solnhofen limestone the data can be well fitted to two straight line segments suggesting a change from power law with high stress exponent (at high stress) to power law with low stress exponent at low stress. However, the constant strain-rate data are even better fitted by a single composite flow law formed by addition of the two power laws; a single flow law operates throughout but the strain-rate contributions of the two components change in response to changing stress. Published microstructural evidence supports this composite flow law approach.For Carrara marble constant data provides much poorer control and it is possible to propose several composite flow laws (formed by addition of two or three separate power-law components) all of which provide reasonable correspondence with the data. Stress relaxation data is then used both to test these flow models and to suggest others. Flow models that are broadly compatible with constant and stress relaxation data can then be tested against microstructural measurements.It is suggested that, by treating a set of composite flow laws as alternative hypotheses to be tested against all available data, a more realistic Theological model will result. Composite flow laws have the major advantage of being able to represent a smooth transition from one dominant deformation mechanism to another irrespective of how wide the transition zone may be.  相似文献   

River system discontinuities due to lateral inputs: generic styles and controls     

Robert I. Ferguson  Judith R. Cudden  Trevor B. Hoey  Stephen P. Rice 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2006,31(9):1149-1166

In alluvial river systems, lateral inputs of water and/or sediment at junctions or undercut hillsides can disrupt what would otherwise be smooth downstream trends in mainstream bed elevation, channel gradient, and bed grain size. Generic styles of mainstream response to lateral inputs are investigated using a one‐dimensional sediment routing model with multiple grain size fractions. Numerical experiments isolate the effects of three para‐meters: ratio of tributary to mainstream water flux (QR), ratio of tributary to mainstream bedload flux (FR), and ratio of tributary to mainstream bedload diameter (DR). The findings are not unduly sensitive to the choice of initial conditions or to approximations made in the model. The primary distinction is between junctions that aggrade, causing local profile convexity with interrupted downstream fining, and junctions that degrade. The immediate effects of aggradation extend further upstream than downstream, whereas degradation is much more subdued and has no upstream impact. Aggradation is typical of coarse inputs (DR > 2), and degradation of fine inputs (DR < 1), but very high ratios of QR to FR also promote degradation. Both aggrading and degrading junctions can lead to a change in mainstream bed grain size well below the junction, with higher ratios of QR to FR producing a coarser distal bed. The effect of a tributary reflects the interplay between additional bed load and additional discharge to transport it. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Mass spectrometric measurements of fractional ion abundances in the stratosphere—Positive ions     

F. Arnold  G. Henschen  E.E. Ferguson 《Planetary and Space Science》1981,29(2):185-193

Measured fractional abundances for stratospheric positive ions are reported for the first time. The measurements which were obtained from balloon-borne ion mass spectrometer experiments relied on recent simulation studies of electric field induced cluster ion dissociation conducted at our laboratory.The ion abundance data provide strong support for identifications of the observed ions as H⁺(H₂O)_n and Hx⁺x_L(H₂O)_m proposed previously. Moreover, it is found that x most likely cannot be identified as NaOH or MgOH which implies that gaseous metal compounds do not exist in the middle stratosphere in significant abundances.Implications of the present findings for the composition and chemistry of stratospheric ions as well as for stratospheric aerosols are discussed.  相似文献   

Rotations of elongate rigid particles in slow non-Newtonian flows     

C.C. Ferguson 《Tectonophysics》1979,60(3-4):247-262

In Jeffery's well-known theoretical model each end of the symmetry axis of an isolated rigid prolate ellipsoid embedded in a Newtonian matrix undergoing simple shear flow describes one of an infinite family of accurately closed periodic orbits. The usefulness of this model in relating particle orientation distributions to bulk finite strain is reassessed in the light of recent theoretical and experimental work. This work shows that Jeffery's analysis is readily extended to include any axisymmetric particle shape (with a centre of symmetry), and that small surface irregularities may be neglected. In nonNewtonian media (both power-law and elasticoviscous) particle motions, although still periodic, show a progressive drift through the family of Jeffery orbits. In a secondorder Rivlin—Ericksen fluid the orbital drift estimated for the strain magnitudes and particle axis ratios likely in most tectonites is slight, and leads to negligibly small departures from the predictions of Jeffery's model. More orbital drift is anticipated in powerlaw fluids although Jeffery's model is still likely to yield an acceptable approximation except for very high strains.  相似文献   

A geochemical and isotopic assessment of hydraulic connectivity of a stacked aquifer system in the Lisbon Valley,Utah (USA), and critical evaluation of environmental tracers     

Noyes  Chandler  Kim  Jihyun  Person  Mark  Ma  Lin  Ferguson  Grant  McIntosh  Jennifer C. 《Hydrogeology Journal》2021,29(5):1905-1923

Hydrogeology Journal - This study investigates hydraulic connectivity of a stacked aquifer system in the Lisbon Valley of southeastern Utah (USA), within the Paradox Basin, where numerous faults...  相似文献   

Commingled Fluids in Abandoned Boreholes: Proximity Analysis of a Hidden Liability     

Christopher Perra  Jennifer C. McIntosh  Theresa Watson  Grant Ferguson 《Ground water》2022,60(2):210-224

The interactions between old abandoned wellbores of suspect well integrity with hydraulic fracturing (HF), enhanced oil recovery (EOR), or salt water disposal (SWD) operations can result in upward leakage of deep aqueous liquids into overlying aquifers. This potential for upward fluid migration is largely unquantified as monitoring abandoned wells is rarely done, and leakage may go unnoticed especially when in deeper aquifers. This study performs a proximity analysis between old abandoned wells and HF, EOR, and SWD wells, and identifies commingled old abandoned wellbores, which are those wells where groundwater may flow from one aquifer to one or more other aquifers, to identify the locations with the greatest potential for upward aqueous fluid migration at three study sites in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. Our analysis indicates that at all three study sites there are several locations where HF, EOR, or SWD operations are located in close proximity to a given old abandoned well. Much of this overlap occurs in formations above typically produced hydrocarbon reservoirs but below exploited potable aquifers, otherwise known as the intermediate zone, which is often connected between abandonment plugs in old abandoned wells. Information on the intermediate zone is often lacking, and this study suggests that unanticipated alterations to groundwater flow systems within the intermediate zone may be occurring. Results indicate the need for more field-based research on the intermediate zone.  相似文献