Guidelines for the good practice of surface wave analysis: a product of the InterPACIFIC project     

Sebastiano Foti  Fabrice Hollender  Flora Garofalo  Dario Albarello  Michael Asten  Pierre-Yves Bard  Cesare Comina  Cécile Cornou  Brady Cox  Giuseppe Di Giulio  Thomas Forbriger  Koichi Hayashi  Enrico Lunedei  Antony Martin  Diego Mercerat  Matthias Ohrnberger  Valerio Poggi  Florence Renalier  Deborah Sicilia  Valentina Socco 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2018,16(6):2367-2420

Surface wave methods gained in the past decades a primary role in many seismic projects. Specifically, they are often used to retrieve a 1D shear wave velocity model or to estimate the V_S,30 at a site. The complexity of the interpretation process and the variety of possible approaches to surface wave analysis make it very hard to set a fixed standard to assure quality and reliability of the results. The present guidelines provide practical information on the acquisition and analysis of surface wave data by giving some basic principles and specific suggestions related to the most common situations. They are primarily targeted to non-expert users approaching surface wave testing, but can be useful to specialists in the field as a general reference. The guidelines are based on the experience gained within the InterPACIFIC project and on the expertise of the participants in acquisition and analysis of surface wave data.  相似文献   

The New SCIAMACHY Reference Solar Spectral Irradiance and Its Validation     

T. Hilbig  M. Weber  K. Bramstedt  S. Noël  J. P. Burrows  J. M. Krijger  R. Snel  M. Meftah  L. Damé  S. Bekki  D. Bolsée  N. Pereira  D. Sluse 《Solar physics》2018,293(8):121

This paper describes a new reference solar spectrum retrieved from measurements of the satellite instrument SCIAMACHY in the wavelength region from \(0.24~\upmu\mbox{m}\) to \(2.4~\upmu\mbox{m}\) and its comparison with several other established solar reference spectra. The SCIAMACHY reference spectrum was recorded early in the mission before substantial optical degradation due to the harsh space environment sets in. The radiometric calibration of SCIAMACHY, applied in this study, includes a physical model of the scanner unit. Furthermore, SCIAMACHY’s internal white light source (WLS) is used to correct for on-ground to in-flight changes. The resultant calibrated solar spectrum from SCIAMACHY is in good agreement with several available solar spectral irradiance (SSI) references in the visible spectral range. Strong throughput losses due to detector icing in the near infrared (NIR) are now adequately accounted for. Nevertheless, a deficit with respect to the ATLAS-3 composite and SORCE/SIM SSI is observed in the NIR. However, the SCIAMACHY solar reference spectrum agrees well with the recently re-evaluated SOLAR/SOLSPEC-ISS and recent ground measurements taken at Mauna Loa in the NIR.  相似文献   

NanoSr – A New Carbonate Microanalytical Reference Material for In Situ Strontium Isotope Analysis     

Michael Weber  Federico Lugli  Bodo Hattendorf  Denis Scholz  Regina Mertz‐Kraus  Damien Guinoiseau  Klaus Peter Jochum 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2020,44(1):69-83

The in situ measurement of Sr isotopes in carbonates by MC‐ICP‐MS is limited by the availability of suitable microanalytical reference materials (RMs), which match the samples of interest. Whereas several well‐characterised carbonate reference materials for Sr mass fractions > 1000 µg g^?1 are available, there is a lack of well‐characterised carbonate microanalytical RMs with lower Sr mass fractions. Here, we present a new synthetic carbonate nanopowder RM with a Sr mass fraction of ca. 500 µg g^?1 suitable for microanalytical Sr isotope research (‘NanoSr’). NanoSr was analysed by both solution‐based and in situ techniques. Element mass fractions were determined using EPMA (Ca mass fraction), as well as laser ablation and solution ICP‐MS in different laboratories. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio was determined by well‐established bulk methods for Sr isotope measurements and is 0.70756 ± 0.00003 (2s). The Sr isotope microhomogeneity of the material was determined by LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS, which resulted in ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of 0.70753 ± 0.00007 (2s) and 0.70757 ± 0.00006 (2s), respectively, in agreement with the solution data within uncertainties. Thus, this new reference material is well suited to monitor and correct microanalytical Sr isotope measurements of low‐Sr, low‐REE carbonate samples. NanoSr is available from the corresponding author.  相似文献   

Influence of combined changes in salinity and copper modulation on growth and copper uptake in the tropical green macroalga Ulva reticulata     

Florence Mamboya  Thomas J. Lyimo  Tommy Landberg  Mats Bjrk 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2009,84(3):326-330

The influence of salinity on growth and Cu uptake in the green macroalga Ulva reticulata collected from the intertidal area in the Western Indian Ocean was studied under controlled laboratory conditions. Exposure concentrations ranged from 5 to 500 μg Cu l⁻¹ at five salinities (ranging 20–40). The accumulation of Cu increased with decreasing salinity, so that the uptake at 500 μg Cu l⁻¹ was approximately 2.7, 2.4 and 2.0 times higher at salinities of 20, 25, and 30 respectively, than uptake at salinity of 35, and with uptake being lowest at salinity of 40. Ulva maintained a positive growth rate over the whole salinity range (20–40), with highest rates at salinity of 35. When exposing to Cu at low salinities (20 and 25), the growth rate of Ulva was strongly inhibited suggesting an increase in toxicity of Cu with decreasing salinity. EC50 and NOEC increased with increase in salinity, implying a reduced Cu toxicity at high salinities. It was concluded that salinity needs to be considered when using macroalgae, such as U. reticulata, as a bioindicator of heavy metals in areas with heavy rainfall, underground fresh water intrusion or in estuaries, as they might accumulate more metals and be more negatively affected.  相似文献   

Thin crustal layering in Northern France: observations and modelling of the P_MP spectral content     

Anne Paul  Florence Nicollin 《Geophysical Journal International》1989,99(1):229-246

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RESETTLEMENT EXPERIENCES AND ALTERNATIVES IN THAILAND     

Gopal B. Thapa  M.A.  M.Sc.  Karl E. Weber  M.A.  D. Phil. 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》1989,9(2):141-150

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Journey‐to‐Work Patterns in the Age of Sprawl: Evidence from Two Midsize Southern Metropolitan Areas*     

Selima Sultana  Joe Weber 《The Professional geographer》2007,59(2):193-208

Among others, one commonly identified negative consequence of urban sprawl is an increase in the length of the journey to work. However, there has been more discussion of this than serious scrutiny, hence the relationship between urban sprawl and commuting patterns, especially at the intraurban level, remains unclear. Using the 2000 Census Transportation Planning Package (CTPP) data for two Southeastern metropolitan areas, this research investigates the extent to which workers living in sprawl areas commute farther to work than those living in higher density areas. The analysis of variance confirms that workers commuting from sprawl areas to urban areas experience a longer commute in terms of time as well as mileage, though this varies when workplace and home locations are taken into account. However, multivariate statistical results suggest that there are limits to the utility of sprawl as a predictor of travel behavior compared to workers' socioeconomic characteristics, as other factors appear to be equally or more important.  相似文献   

Spatio-temporal analysis of fish and their habitat: a case study on a highly degraded Swiss river system prior to extensive rehabilitation     

Christine Weber  Armin Peter  Flavio Zanini 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2007,69(1):162-172

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Observations of Rotating Jets of Carbon Monoxide in Comet Hale–Bopp with the Iram Interferometer     

Henry  Florence  Bockelée-Morvan  Dominique  Crovisier  Jacques  Wink  Jörn 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2002,90(1-4):57-60

CO was observed on March 11, 1997 in comet Hale–Bopp with theIRAM Plateau de Bure interferometer. The maps show evidence for asymmetrical patterns, due to the Existence of CO jets. Analysis of the spectra and their velocity shifts shows that there is a spiral CO jet rotating in a plane almost perpendicular to the sky plane.This is the first time that rotating jets are observed for parent molecules.We have developed a 3-D model simulating rotating spiral jets of CO gas.We present here the comparison between the observations and our model.  相似文献   

The rotation of the solar atmosphere     

E. J. Weber 《Solar physics》1969,9(1):150-159

A model of the solar atmosphere is presented in which we discuss the conservation of angular momentum for the two basic states in which the solar gas can be: namely, either confined by closed field lines or outflowing along open magnetic field lines. It can be shown that the boundary conditions are in general different for these two cases. From this we obtain the results that in the closed configuration the gas can corotate at the solar surface with the magnetic field lines and its angular velocity will then increase with height, whereas for a gas flowing along an open field line the angular velocity will decrease. An exception to the latter case can be found where the open magnetic field lines are strongly nonradial and where the density is a slowly varying function of radius. In such regions the angular velocity may initially increase with height, reach a maximum and then decrease.Kitt Peak National Observatory Contribution No. 439.Operated by The Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under contract with the National Science Foundation.  相似文献