An assessment of monitoring requirements and costs of 'Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation'     

Hannes Böttcher  Katja Eisbrenner  Steffen Fritz  Georg Kindermann  Florian Kraxner  Ian McCallum  Michael Obersteiner 《Carbon balance and management》2009,4(1):7-14

Background  

Negotiations on a future climate policy framework addressing Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) are ongoing. Regardless of how such a framework will be designed, many technical solutions of estimating forest cover and forest carbon stock change exist to support policy in monitoring and accounting. These technologies typically combine remotely sensed data with ground-based inventories. In this article we assess the costs of monitoring REDD based on available technologies and requirements associated with key elements of REDD policy.  相似文献   

Earthquakes in Switzerland and surrounding regions during 2011     

Nicholas Deichmann  John Clinton  Stephan Husen  Benjamin Edwards  Florian Haslinger  Donat F?h  Domenico Giardini  Philipp K?stli  Urs Kradolfer  Stefan Wiemer 《Swiss Journal of Geoscience》2012,105(3):463-476

This report of the Swiss Seismological Service summarizes the seismic activity in Switzerland and surrounding regions during 2011. During this period, 522 earthquakes and 92 quarry blasts were detected and located in the region under consideration. With a total of only 10 events with M _L????2.5, the seismic activity in the year 2011 was far below the average over the previous 36?years. Most noteworthy were the earthquake sequence of Sierre (VS) in January, with two events of M _L 3.3 and 3.2, the M _L 3.3 earthquake at a depth of 31?km below Bregenz, and the M _L 3.1 event near Delémont. The two strongest events near Sierre produced shaking of intensity IV.  相似文献   

Experimental Study of Brittle Behavior of Clay Shale in Rapid Triaxial Compression   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

Florian Amann  Peter Kaiser  Edward Alan Button 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2012,45(1):21-33

The brittle failure behavior of an over-consolidated clay shale (Opalinus Clay) in undrained rapid triaxial compression was studied. The confining stress levels were chosen to simulate the range of confining stresses relevant for underground excavations at the Mont Terri Underground Research Laboratory, and to investigate the transition from axial splitting failure to macroscopic shear failure. Micro-crack initiation was observed throughout the confining stress range utilized in this study at a differential stress of 2.1 MPa on average, which indicates that friction was not mobilized at this stage of brittle failure. The rupture stress was dependent on confinement indicating friction mobilization during the brittle failure process. With increasing confinement net volumetric strain decreased suggesting that dilation was suppressed, which is possibly related to a change in the failure mode. At confining stress levels ≤0.5 MPa specimen rupture was associated with axial splitting. With increasing confinement, transition to a macroscopic shearing mode was observed. Multi-stage triaxial tests consistently showed lower strengths than single-stage tests, demonstrating cumulative damage in the specimens. Both the Mohr–Coulomb and Hoek–Brown failure criteria could not satisfactorily fit the data over the entire confining stress range. A bi-linear or S-shaped failure criterion was found to satisfactorily fit the test data over the entire confinement range studied.  相似文献   

Nanoparticles and their influence on radionuclide mobility in deep geological formations     

Thorsten Schäfer  Florian Huber  Holger Seher  Tiziana Missana  Ursula Alonso  Michael Kumke  Sascha Eidner  Francis Claret  Frieder Enzmann 《Applied Geochemistry》2012

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Timing and rate of granulite facies metamorphism and cooling from multi-mineral chronology on migmatitic gneisses,Sierras de La Huerta and Valle Fértil,NW Argentina     

Florian Gallien  Aberra Mogessie  Ernesto Bjerg  Sergio Delpino  Brigida Castro de Machuca  Martin Thöni  Urs Klötzli 《Lithos》2010,114(1-2):229-252

Migmatitic paragneisses of the Valle Fértil–La Huerta Ranges at the Western margin of the Sierras Pampeanas are composed of garnet–cordierite–plagioclase–biotite–quartz-bearing units that experienced peak metamorphic conditions of ca. 800 °C at 6–7 kbar. Based on petrological studies, pseudosection modeling and petrographic observations, an anticlockwise P–T path with a small pressure increment is proposed. Rare earth element LA-ICP-MS patterns acquired from rutile bearing garnets suggest a single stage of garnet growth at high-T at pressures above the ilmenite–rutile transition. U–Pb dating of zircon rims from the migmatites indicates two distinct metamorphic U–Pb ages of 525 ± 9 Ma and 478 ± 9 Ma. The older age is suggested to record an amphibolite facies event of the Pampean orogeny. The younger metamorphic age is contemporary with igneous zircons from metatonalites and pegmatites that yield 478 ± 4 Ma. We suggest that the prograde high-T metamorphic Famatinian event is associated with the emplacement of large magmatic bodies in which large-scale magmatic activity gave rise to an increased geothermal gradient of about 35 °C/km. Sm–Nd garnet ages of 447 ± 3 Ma indicate a time span of around 30 Ma for which temperatures above the garnet closure temperature prevailed. Using U–Pb, Sm–Nd and Rb–Sr isotope systems, a cooling rate of 3 to 6 °C/Myr is inferred.  相似文献   

It starts at home? Climate policies targeting household consumption and behavioral decisions are key to low-carbon futures     

Ghislain Dubois  Benjamin Sovacool  Carlo Aall  Maria Nilsson  Carine Barbier  Alina Herrmann  Sébastien Bruyère  Camilla Andersson  Bore Skold  Franck Nadaud  Florian Dorner  Karen Richardsen Moberg  Jean Paul Ceron  Helen Fischer  Dorothee Amelung  Marta Baltruszewicz  Jeremy Fischer  Françoise Benevise  Valérie R. Louis  Rainer Sauerborn 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2010

Through their consumption behavior, households are responsible for 72% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, they are key actors in reaching the 1.5 °C goal under the Paris Agreement. However, the possible contribution and position of households in climate policies is neither well understood, nor do households receive sufficiently high priority in current climate policy strategies. This paper investigates how behavioral change can achieve a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in European high-income countries. It uses theoretical thinking and some core results from the HOPE research project, which investigated household preferences for reducing emissions in four European cities in France, Germany, Norway and Sweden. The paper makes five major points: First, car and plane mobility, meat and dairy consumption, as well as heating are the most dominant components of household footprints. Second, household living situations (demographics, size of home) greatly influence the household potential to reduce their footprint, even more than country or city location. Third, household decisions can be sequential and temporally dynamic, shifting through different phases such as childhood, adulthood, and illness. Fourth, short term voluntary efforts will not be sufficient by themselves to reach the drastic reductions needed to achieve the 1.5 °C goal; instead, households need a regulatory framework supporting their behavioral changes. Fifth, there is a mismatch between the roles and responsibilities conveyed by current climate policies and household perceptions of responsibility. We then conclude with further recommendations for research and policy.  相似文献   

Determination of particulate organic carbon (POC) in seawater: The relative methodological importance of artificial gains and losses in two glass-fiber-filter-based techniques   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Robert Turnewitsch  Barbara M. Springer  Konstadinos Kiriakoulakis  Juan Carlos Vilas  Javier Arístegui  George Wolff  Florian Peine  Stephan Werk  Gerhard Graf  Joanna J. Waniek 《Marine Chemistry》2007,105(3-4):208-228

Particulate matter in aquatic systems is an important vehicle for the transport of particulate organic carbon (POC). Its accurate measurement is of central importance for the understanding of marine carbon cycling. Previous work has shown that GF/F-filter-based bottle-sample-derived concentration estimates of POC are generally close to or higher than large-volume in-situ-pump-derived values (and in some rare cases in subzero waters are up to two orders of magnitude higher). To further investigate this phenomenon, water samples from the surface and mid-water Northeast Atlantic and the Baltic Sea were analyzed. Our data support a bias of POC concentration estimates caused by adsorption of nitrogen-rich dissolved organic material onto GF/F filters. For surface-ocean samples the mass per unit area of exposed filter and composition of adsorbed material depended on the filtered volume. Amounts of adsorbed OC were enhanced in the surface ocean (typically 0.5 μmol cm^− 2 of exposed filter) as compared to the deep ocean (typically 0.2 μmol cm^− 2 of exposed filter). These dependencies should be taken into account for future POC methodologies. Bottle/pump differences of samples that were not corrected for adsorption were higher in the deep ocean than in the surface ocean. This discrepancy increased in summer. It is shown that POC concentration estimates that were not corrected for adsorption depend not only on the filtered volume, true POC concentration and mass of adsorbed OC, but also on the filter area. However, in all cases we studied, correction for adsorption was important, but not sufficient, to explain bottle/pump differences. Artificial formation of filterable particles and/or processes leading to filterable material being lost from and/or missed by sample-processing procedures must be considered. It can be deduced that the maximum amounts of POC and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) that can be artificially formed per liter of filtered ocean water are  3–4 μM OC (5–10% of dissolved OC) and  0.2–0.5 μM ON (2–10% of dissolved ON), respectively. The relative sensitivities of bottle and pump procedures, and of surface- and deep-ocean material, to artificial particle formation and the missing/losing of material are evaluated. As present procedures do not exist to correct for all possible biasing effects due to artificial particle formation and/or miss/loss of filterable material, uncertainties of filtration-based estimates of POC concentrations need further testing. The challenge now is to further constrain the magnitude of the biasing effects that add to the adsorption effect to reduce the uncertainties of estimates of POC concentrations, inventories and fluxes in the ocean.  相似文献   

Germany’s policy on disaster risk reduction and remote sensing as a tool for further consideration     

Florian Neutze  Bernd Oesterlen 《Natural Hazards》2013,68(1):209-210

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Validation of Strategies using Clustering Analysis of ECMWF EPS for Initial Perturbations in a Limited Area Model Ensemble Prediction System     

Florian Weidle  Weihong Tian  Taiwei Wang 《大气与海洋》2013,51(3):284-295

One of the main challenges for a skilful Limited Area Model Ensemble Prediction System (LAMEPS) is the generation of appropriate initial perturbations. In most operational LAMEPSs, the initial perturbations are provided by a global Ensemble Prediction System (EPS). Molteni et al. (2001 Marsigli, C., Montani, A., Nerozzi, F., Paccagnella, T., Tibaldi, S., Molteni, F. and Buizza, R. 2001. A strategy for high-resolution ensemble prediction. II: Limited-area experiments in four Alpine flood events. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 127: 2095–2115. (doi:10.1002/qj.49712757613)[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) proposed clustering analysis as an objective selection criterion to choose a member from the global European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)-EPS model as initial perturbations in LAMEPS. In this article, another strategy for using the clustering method is investigated which ensures that initial perturbations are centred on the control analysis. The main purpose of this article is to study the benefit of cluster analysis and to validate the effect of different clustering strategies on the performance of a 17-member LAMEPS. The system used in this study is the operational Aire Limitée Adaptation Dynamique Développement InterNational-Limited-Area Ensemble Forecasting (ALADIN-LAEF) model.

Three experiments were carried out over a 50-day period to validate different clustering strategies: i) representative members of 16 clusters from the 50-member ECMWF-EPS, where initial perturbations are not necessarily centred; ii) representative members from eight clusters and the symmetric pairs from ECMWF singular vector analysis; and iii) eight arbitrarily chosen ECMWF-EPS singular vector pairs. Results of the verified experiments show that the statistical reliability of ALADIN-LAEF improves when clustering is applied, but no clear improvement can be seen in the skill of LAMEPS. A case study of a heavy precipitation event confirms the result of the 50-day verification. The validation shows that none of the clustering strategies outperforms any other.

RÉSUMÉ?[Traduit par la rédaction] L'un des principaux défis d'un système performant de prévisions d'ensemble de modèle à domaine limité (LAMEPS) réside dans la génération de perturbations initiales appropriées. Dans la plupart des LAMEPS opérationnels, les perturbations initiales sont fournies par un système de prévisions d'ensemble (EPS) global. Molteni et coll. (2001 Molteni, F., Buizza, R., Marsigli, C., Montani, A., Nerozzi, F. and Paccagnella, T. 2001. A strategy for high-resolution ensemble prediction. I: Definition of representative members and global-model experiments. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 127: 2069–2094. (doi:10.1002/qj.49712757612)[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) ont proposé l'analyse par groupement comme critère de sélection objectif pour le choix d'un membre du modèle EPS global du Centre européen pour les prévisions météorologiques à moyen terme (ECMWF) comme perturbations initiales dans le LAMEPS. Dans cet article, nous étudions une autre stratégie d'utilisation de la méthode des groupements, qui assure que les perturbations initiales sont centrées sur l'analyse de contrôle. Le but premier de cet article est d’étudier les avantages de l'analyse par groupement et de valider l'effet des différentes stratégies de groupement sur la performance d'un LAMEPS de 17 membres. Le système utilisé dans cette étude est le modèle opérationnel ALADIN–LAEF (Aire limitée, Adaptation dynamique, Développement InterNational – Prévisions d'ensemble à domaine limité).Nous avons mené trois expériences sur une période de 50 jours pour valider différentes stratégies de groupement: i) membres représentatifs de 16 groupements d'un ECMWF–EPS de 50 membres, où les perturbations initiales ne sont pas nécessairement centrées; ii) membres représentatifs de huit groupements et les paires symétriques issues de l'analyse par vecteurs singuliers du ECMWF; et iii) huit paires issues de l'analyse par vecteurs singuliers du ECMWF-EPS choisies au hasard. Les résultats des expériences vérifiées montrent que la fiabilité statistique du ALADIN–LAEF s'améliore lorsqu'un groupement est appliqué, mais on ne perçoit aucune amélioration nette dans l'habileté du LAMEPS. Une étude de cas d'un événement de fortes précipitations confirme le résultat de la vérification de 50 jours. La validation montre qu'aucune des stratégies de groupement ne surpasse les autres.  相似文献   

The Valais units in Savoy (France): a key area for understanding the palaeogeography and the tectonic evolution of the Western Alps     

Andrea Loprieno  Romain Bousquet  Stefan Bucher  Stefano Ceriani  Florian H. Dalla Torre  Bernhard Fügenschuh  Stefan M. Schmid 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2011,100(5):963-992

The Valais units in Savoy (Zone des Brèches de Tarentaise) have been re-mapped in great detail and are subject of combined stratigraphic, structural and petrological investigations summarized in this contribution. The sediments and rare relics of basement, together with Cretaceous age mafic and ultramafic rocks of the Valais palaeogeographical domain, represent the heavily deformed relics of the former distal European margin (External Valais units) and an ocean–continent transition (Internal Valais unit or Versoyen unit) that formed during rifting. This rifting led to the opening of the Valais ocean, a northern branch of the Alpine Tethys. Post-rift sediments referred to as “Valais trilogy” stratigraphically overlie both External and Internal Valais successions above an angular unconformity formed in Barremian to Aptian times, providing robust evidence for the timing of the opening of the Valais ocean. The Valais units in Savoy are part of a second and more external mid-Eocene high-pressure belt in the Alps that sutured the Briançonnais microcontinent to Europe. Top-N D1-deformation led to the formation of a nappe stack that emplaced the largely eclogite-facies Internal Valais unit (Versoyen) onto blueschist-facies External Valais units. The latter originally consisted of, from internal to external, the Petit St. Bernard unit, the Roc de l’Enfer unit, the Moûtiers unit and the Quermoz unit. Ongoing top-N D2-thrusting and folding substantially modified this nappe stack. Post 35 Ma D3 folding led to relatively minor modifications of the nappe stack within the Valais units but was associated with substantial top-WNW thrusting of the Valais units over the Dauphinois units along the Roselend thrust during W-directed indentation of the Adria block contributing to the formation of the arc of the Western Alps.  相似文献