It starts at home? Climate policies targeting household consumption and behavioral decisions are key to low-carbon futures     

Ghislain Dubois  Benjamin Sovacool  Carlo Aall  Maria Nilsson  Carine Barbier  Alina Herrmann  Sébastien Bruyère  Camilla Andersson  Bore Skold  Franck Nadaud  Florian Dorner  Karen Richardsen Moberg  Jean Paul Ceron  Helen Fischer  Dorothee Amelung  Marta Baltruszewicz  Jeremy Fischer  Françoise Benevise  Rainer Sauerborn 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2013

Through their consumption behavior, households are responsible for 72% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, they are key actors in reaching the 1.5 °C goal under the Paris Agreement. However, the possible contribution and position of households in climate policies is neither well understood, nor do households receive sufficiently high priority in current climate policy strategies. This paper investigates how behavioral change can achieve a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in European high-income countries. It uses theoretical thinking and some core results from the HOPE research project, which investigated household preferences for reducing emissions in four European cities in France, Germany, Norway and Sweden. The paper makes five major points: First, car and plane mobility, meat and dairy consumption, as well as heating are the most dominant components of household footprints. Second, household living situations (demographics, size of home) greatly influence the household potential to reduce their footprint, even more than country or city location. Third, household decisions can be sequential and temporally dynamic, shifting through different phases such as childhood, adulthood, and illness. Fourth, short term voluntary efforts will not be sufficient by themselves to reach the drastic reductions needed to achieve the 1.5 °C goal; instead, households need a regulatory framework supporting their behavioral changes. Fifth, there is a mismatch between the roles and responsibilities conveyed by current climate policies and household perceptions of responsibility. We then conclude with further recommendations for research and policy.  相似文献   

Estimating uncertainty associated with water stages from a single SAR image     

Guy Schumann  Florian Pappenberger  Patrick Matgen 《Advances in water resources》2008

It is the goal of remote sensing to infer information about objects or a natural process from a remote location. This invokes that uncertainty in measurement should be viewed as central to remote sensing. In this study, the uncertainty associated with water stages derived from a single SAR image for the Alzette (G.D. of Luxembourg) 2003 flood is assessed using a stepped GLUE procedure. Main uncertain input factors to the SAR processing chain for estimating water stages include geolocation accuracy, spatial filter window size, image thresholding value, DEM vertical precision and the number of river cross sections at which water stages are estimated. Initial results show that even with plausible parameter values uncertainty in water stages over the entire river reach is 2.8 m on average. Adding spatially distributed field water stages to the GLUE analysis following a one-at-a-time approach helps to considerably reduce SAR water stage uncertainty (0.6 m on average) thereby identifying appropriate value ranges for each uncertain SAR water stage processing factor. For the GLUE analysis a Nash-like efficiency criterion adapted to spatial data is proposed whereby acceptable SAR model simulations are required to outperform a simpler regression model based on the field-surveyed average river bed gradient. Weighted CDFs for all factors based on the proposed efficiency criterion allow the generation of reliable uncertainty quantile ranges and 2D maps that show the uncertainty associated with SAR-derived water stages. The stepped GLUE procedure demonstrated that not all field data collected are necessary to achieve maximum constraining. A possible efficient way to decide on relevant locations at which to sample in the field is proposed. It is also suggested that the resulting uncertainty ranges and flood extent or depth maps may be used to evaluate 1D or 2D flood inundation models in terms of water stages, depths or extents. For this, the extended GLUE approach, which copes with the presence of uncertainty in the observed data, may be adopted.  相似文献   

Chironomid larvae stimulate biogeochemical and microbial processes in a riverbed covered with fine sediment   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Géraldine Nogaro  Florian Mermillod-Blondin  Bernard Montuelle  Jean-Claude Boisson  Janine Gibert 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2008,70(2):156-168

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Comments on “Two-dimensional concentration distribution for mixing-controlled bioreactive transport in steady-state” by O.A. Cirpka and A.J. Valocchi     

Haibing Shao  Florian Centler  Cecilia De Biase  Martin Thullner  Olaf Kolditz 《Advances in water resources》2009

In this comment we present a re-analysis of the analytical solution presented by Cirpka and Valocchi for steady-state concentrations of dissolved bioreactive compounds and bacterial biomass in porous media. We discuss the validity range of the analytical solution. In particular, the criterion used to determine the sustainability of biomass is revisited. This re-analysis shows that the ω$\omega$ criterion used by Cirpka and Valocchi is only a necessary but not a sufficient criterion to determine the bioreactive zones. As a consequence, the analytical solution does not provide the exact distribution of compounds throughout the domain, but can serve as upper or lower boundaries for species concentrations at a given location. These conclusions are supported by the simulation results obtained from an established reactive transport model.  相似文献   

The Rio Narcea gold belt intrusions: geology, petrology, geochemistry and timing     

A. Martin-Izard  M. Fuertes-Fuente  A. Cepedal  D. Moreiras  J. G. Nieto  C. Maldonado  L. R. Pevida 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2000,71(2)

This paper discusses the petrographical, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the intrusive rocks located along the Rio Narcea Gold Belt, and the timing of formation of the El Valle-Boinás deposit. Rocks in the belt range from quartz-monzodiorites through quartz-monzogranites to monzogranites. The former are made up of pyroxene (clino and ortho), amphibole (magnesiohornblende), biotite, zoned plagioclase (An35-70), and to a lesser degree quartz and K-feldspar. The monzogranites consist of biotite, zoned plagioclase (An30-60), quartz and K-feldspar. All igneous rocks are characterized by the presence of ilmenite and the lack or scarce presence of magnetite indicating their formation under reducing conditions. The granitoids are calc-alkaline I type, potassium-rich and highly reducent with more ferrous than ferric iron. Their characteristics are like the plutons associated with gold and copper (zinc) skarns, but their characteristics reflect more reducent formation conditions, increasing their capacity to form gold skarns.The Boinas granitoid emplacement occurred at about 303±6 Ma and generated calcic and magnesic skarns at the contact with limestone and dolostones of the Láncara Formation. Skarns and granitoids were first altered to amphibole and sericite, respectively, and mineralized at 302±9 Ma. The intrusion of subvolcanic porphyritic dikes produced a second period of alteration at 285±4 Ma, characterized by carbonatization and sericitization of the monzogranites and chloritization and serpentinization of the skarns. The later intrusion of diabasic dikes at 255±6 Ma produced limited carbonatization, silicification and sericitization and hypogene oxidation of the previous stages. Supergene oxidation then occurred at the top of the ore and along fractures and breccias.  相似文献   

Tectonics of an extinct ridge-transform intersection,Drake Passage (Antarctica)     

Maldonado  Andrés  Carlos Balanyá  Juan  Barnolas  Antonio  Galindo-Zaldívar  Jesús  Hernández  Javier  Jabaloy  Antonio  Livermore  Roy  Miguel Martínez-Martínez  José  Rodríguez-Fernández  José  Sanz de Galdeano  Carlos  Somoza  Luis  Suriñach  Emma  Viseras  César 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2000,21(1-2):43-68

New swath bathymetric, multichannel seismic and magnetic data reveal the complexity of the intersection between the extinct West Scotia Ridge (WSR) and the Shackleton Fracture Zone (SFZ), a first-order NW-SE trending high-relief ridge cutting across the Drake Passage. The SFZ is composed of shallow, ridge segments and depressions, largely parallel to the fracture zone with an `en echelon' pattern in plan view. These features are bounded by tectonic lineaments, interpreted as faults. The axial valley of the spreading center intersects the fracture zone in a complex area of deformation, where N120° E lineaments and E–W faults anastomose on both sides of the intersection. The fracture zone developed within an extensional regime, which facilitated the formation of oceanic transverse ridges parallel to the fracture zone and depressions attributed to pull-apart basins, bounded by normal and strike-slip faults.On the multichannel seismic (MCS) profiles, the igneous crust is well stratified, with numerous discontinuous high-amplitude reflectors and many irregular diffractions at the top, and a thicker layer below. The latter has sparse and weak reflectors, although it locally contains strong, dipping reflections. A bright, slightly undulating reflector observed below the spreading center axial valley at about 0.75 s (twt) depth in the igneous crust is interpreted as an indication of the relict axial magma chamber. Deep, high-amplitude subhorizontal and slightly dipping reflections are observed between 1.8 and 3.2 s (twt) below sea floor, but are preferentially located at about 2.8–3.0 s (twt) depth. Where these reflections are more continuous they may represent the Mohorovicic seismic discontinuity. More locally, short (2–3 km long), very high-amplitude reflections observed at 3.6 and 4.3 s (twt) depth below sea floor are attributed to an interlayered upper mantle transition zone. The MCS profiles also show a pattern of regularly spaced, steep-inclined reflectors, which cut across layers 2 and 3 of the oceanic crust. These reflectors are attributed to deformation under a transpressional regime that developed along the SFZ, shortly after spreading ceased at the WSR. Magnetic anomalies 5 to 5 E may be confidently identified on the flanks of the WSR. Our spreading model assumes slow rates (ca. 10–20 mm/yr), with slight asymmetries favoring the southeastern flank between 5C and 5, and the northwestern flank between 5 and extinction. The spreading rate asymmetry means that accretion was slower during formation of the steeper, shallower, southeastern flank than of the northwestern flank.  相似文献   

Geophysical and geochemical constraints on the age and paleoclimate implications of Holocene lacustrine cores from the Andes of central Chile          下载免费PDF全文

Rachel J. Tiner  Robert M. Negrini  Jose L. Antinao  Eric McDonald  Antonio Maldonado 《第四纪科学杂志》2018,33(2):150-165

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A data model for moving regions of fixed shape in databases     

Florian Heinz  Ralf Hartmut Güting 《International journal of geographical information science》2018,32(9):1737-1769

Moving object databases are designed to store and process spatial and temporal object data. An especially useful moving object type is a moving region, which consists of one or more moving polygons suitable for modeling the spread of forest fires, the movement of clouds, spread of diseases and many other real-world phenomena. Previous implementations usually allow a changing shape of the region during the movement; however, the necessary restrictions on this model result in an inaccurate interpolation of rotating objects. In this paper, we present an alternative approach for moving and rotating regions of fixed shape, called Fixed Moving Regions, which provide a significantly better model for a wide range of applications like modeling the movement of oil tankers, icebergs and other rigid structures. Furthermore, we describe and implement several useful operations on this new object type to enable a database system to solve many real-world problems, as for example collision tests, projections and intersections, much more accurate than with other models. Based on this research, we also implemented a library for easy integration into moving objects database systems, as for example the DBMS Secondo (1) (2) developed at the FernUniversität in Hagen.  相似文献   

Combination of multi-mission altimetry data along the Mekong River with spatio-temporal kriging     

Eva Boergens  Sven Buhl  Denise Dettmering  Claudia Klüppelberg  Florian Seitz 《Journal of Geodesy》2017,91(5):519-534

River water-level time series at fixed geographical locations, so-called virtual stations, have been computed from single altimeter crossings for many years. Their temporal resolution is limited by the repeat cycle of the individual altimetry missions. The combination of all altimetry measurements along a river enables computing a water-level time series with improved temporal and spatial resolutions. This study uses the geostatistical method of spatio-temporal ordinary kriging to link multi-mission altimetry data along the Mekong River. The required covariance models reflecting the water flow are estimated based on empirical covariance values between altimetry observations at various locations. In this study, two covariance models are developed and tested in the case of the Mekong River: a stationary and a non-stationary covariance model. The proposed approach predicts water-level time series at different locations along the Mekong River with a temporal resolution of 5 days. Validation is performed against in situ data from four gauging stations, yielding RMS differences between 0.82 and 1.29 m and squared correlation coefficients between 0.89 and 0.94. Both models produce comparable results when used for combining data from Envisat, Jason-1, and SARAL for the time period between 2002 and 2015. The quality of the predicted time series turns out to be robust against a possibly decreasing availability of altimetry mission data. This demonstrates that our method is able to close the data gap between the end of the Envisat and the launch of the SARAL mission with interpolated time series.  相似文献   

Improving BeiDou real-time precise point positioning with numerical weather models   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Cuixian Lu  Xingxing Li  Florian Zus  Robert Heinkelmann  Galina Dick  Maorong Ge  Jens Wickert  Harald Schuh 《Journal of Geodesy》2017,91(9):1019-1029

Precise positioning with the current Chinese BeiDou Navigation Satellite System is proven to be of comparable accuracy to the Global Positioning System, which is at centimeter level for the horizontal components and sub-decimeter level for the vertical component. But the BeiDou precise point positioning (PPP) shows its limitation in requiring a relatively long convergence time. In this study, we develop a numerical weather model (NWM) augmented PPP processing algorithm to improve BeiDou precise positioning. Tropospheric delay parameters, i.e., zenith delays, mapping functions, and horizontal delay gradients, derived from short-range forecasts from the Global Forecast System of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) are applied into BeiDou real-time PPP. Observational data from stations that are capable of tracking the BeiDou constellation from the International GNSS Service (IGS) Multi-GNSS Experiments network are processed, with the introduced NWM-augmented PPP and the standard PPP processing. The accuracy of tropospheric delays derived from NCEP is assessed against with the IGS final tropospheric delay products. The positioning results show that an improvement in convergence time up to 60.0 and 66.7% for the east and vertical components, respectively, can be achieved with the NWM-augmented PPP solution compared to the standard PPP solutions, while only slight improvement in the solution convergence can be found for the north component. A positioning accuracy of 5.7 and 5.9 cm for the east component is achieved with the standard PPP that estimates gradients and the one that estimates no gradients, respectively, in comparison to 3.5 cm of the NWM-augmented PPP, showing an improvement of 38.6 and 40.1%. Compared to the accuracy of 3.7 and 4.1 cm for the north component derived from the two standard PPP solutions, the one of the NWM-augmented PPP solution is improved to 2.0 cm, by about 45.9 and 51.2%. The positioning accuracy for the up component improves from 11.4 and 13.2 cm with the two standard PPP solutions to 8.0 cm with the NWM-augmented PPP solution, an improvement of 29.8 and 39.4%, respectively.  相似文献