Structural patterns in river network organization at both infra‐ and supra‐basin levels: the case of a granitic relief     

Christophe Cudennec  Youssef Fouad 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2006,31(3):369-381

Within a landform, the channelized water path from any point to the corresponding outlet is split into successive components within the Strahler ordering scheme. The probability density functions (pdf) of the length L of the whole channelized path and of the lengths of the components are studied as multi‐level structural functions. We have considered a granitic area and studied both its main basin and the set of its 48 constituent basins. With respect to the main basin, the pdf of the component lengths exhibit a strong scaling property, except for the highest orders, due to a hierarchical constraint; hence, the pdf of sum L has no particular shape. We have nevertheless identified an underlying structural pattern at particular infra‐ and supra‐basin levels, where the hierarchical constraint is weaker. This identification process entails noting structurally emerging patterns based on multi‐level variables and distributions, which satisfy the general self‐similarity of networks. The fairly good fit of an analytical gamma law with most of these emerging patterns can prove to be a positive step towards both a general modelling approach to the geomorphometric functions and a stronger geomorphological basement of hydrological transfer functions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Book reviews     

Fouad N. Ibrahim  G. Kunkel  David H. Miller  A. Wallner  R. O. Whyte  W. U. Ehrmann  Matthias Kuhle  Robert Giepel  Pieter Lukkes  B. K. Roy  W. R. Stanley  Paul Mosely 《GeoJournal》1986,12(4):464-469

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Lands at risk in the third world: local level perspectives     

Fouad Ibrahim 《GeoJournal》1986,12(2):220

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Characterization, classification, bacteriological, and evaluation of groundwater from 24 wells in six departments of Algeria     

Fouad Bahri  Hakim Saibi 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2012,5(6):1449-1458

This is a conducted study of the physicochemical and the bacteriological characteristics of groundwater from 24 wells in the six departments of Algeria: Mostaganem, Mecheria, Naama, Tiaret, Bechar, and Adrar. The six departments and surrounding areas depend heavily on water from wells as a resource for drinking water, as well as domestic, industrial, and agricultural uses. Understanding the groundwater chemistry provides insight into the interactions of water with the environment and contributes to better resource management. In total, 24 water samples from wells have been analyzed for major physical–chemical elements and metals. The results show that the water have pH values ranging between 7.1 and 8.2, salinity between 213 and 1,273 mg/L, and nitrate concentrations between 30 and 48.7 mg/L. The high concentration of nitrates is explained by the utilization of chemical fertilizers in agriculture. Almost all the samples are of type Na–SO₄ and Na–HCO₃, and the trace metal concentrations are within the admissible standard ranges. The bacteriological analysis of 24 samples analyzed showed that nine samples (nos. 3, 5, 8, 12, 14, 16, 17, 22, and 23) are contaminated. We conclude that the groundwater samples may safely be used for drinking, domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes with the exception of the following samples: nos. 3, 5, 8, 12, 14, 16, 17, 22, and 23.  相似文献   

Geochemical study of clays used as barriers in landfills   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

AbdelIllah Bezzar  Denis François  Fouad Ghomari 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2010,342(9):695-700

This is a hydraulic and geochemical study on 2 materials: natural clay (AN) and a regenerated material made up of a sand-bentonite (SB) mixture. The hydraulic part allowed us to conclude that a 10% industrial bentonite content mixed with sand offers hydraulic properties that are similar to those of AN material and are lower than the required standards. The geochemical properties of both AN and SB matrixes are comparable with those of some of the synthetic leachates studied. Furthermore, the Langmuir model helped us to identify the adsorption capacities of both matrixes with the following selectivities: Pb > Cu > Cd > Zn.  相似文献