A variational derivation of the thermodynamics of a moist atmosphere with rain process and its pseudoincompressible approximation     

François Gay-Balmaz 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2019,113(5-6):428-465

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An information-based criterion to measure pixel-level thematic uncertainty in land cover classifications     

Patrick?Bogaert  Fran?ois?WaldnerEmail authorView author&#;s OrcID profile  Pierre?Defourny 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2017,31(9):2297-2312

Traditional accuracy assessment of satellite-derived maps relies on a confusion matrix and its associated indices built by comparing ground truth observations and classification outputs at specific locations. These indices may be applied at the map-level or at the class level. However, the spatial variation of the accuracy is not captured by those statistics. Pixel-level thematic uncertainty measures derived from class membership probability vectors can provide such spatially explicit information. In this paper, a new information-based criterion—the equivalent reference probability—is introduced to provide a synoptic thematic uncertainty measure that has the advantage of taking the maximum probability value into account while committing for the full set of probabilities. The fundamental theoretical properties of this indicator was first highlighted and its use was afterwards demonstrated on a real case study in Belgium. Results showed that the proposed approach positively correlates with the quality of the classification and is more sensitive than the classical maximum probability criterion. As this information-based criterion can be used for providing spatially explicit maps of thematic uncertainty quality, it provides substantial additional information regarding classification quality compared to conventional quality measures. Accordingly, it proved to be useful both for end-users and map producers as a way to better understand the nature of the errors and to subsequently improve the map quality.  相似文献   

New Tabu Algorithm for Positioning Mining Drillholes with Blocks Uncertainty     

Zagré  Gilles Eric  Marcotte  Denis  Gamache  Michel  Guibault  François 《Natural Resources Research》2019,28(3):609-629

This paper proposes a new approach to the mining exploration drillholes positioning problem (DPP) that incorporates both geostatistical and optimization techniques. A metaheuristic was developed to solve the DPP taking into account an uncertainty index that quantifies the reliability of the current interpretation of the mineral deposit. The uncertainty index was calculated from multiple deposit realizations obtained by truncated Gaussian simulations conditional to the available drillholes samplings. A linear programming model was defined to select the subset of future drillholes that maximizes coverage of the uncertainty. A Tabu Search algorithm was developed to solve large instances of this set partitioning problem. The proposed Tabu Search algorithm is shown to provide good quality solutions approaching 95% of the optimal solution in a reasonable computing time, allowing close to optimal coverage of uncertainty for a fixed investment in drilling.

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Extracts of the seaweed Bifurcaria bifurcata display antifungal activity against human dermatophyte fungi     

Carvalho  G. Loïc  Silva  Raquel  Gonçalves  J. Maria  Batista  T. Maria  Pereira  Leonel 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2019,37(3):848-854

Bifurcaria bifurcata is a seaweed of the Order Fucales(Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae) that can be found all year round along the Portuguese Atlantic shore. Although it is considered edible in some countries,its biotechnological potential has not yet been assessed in detail and here we report its antimicrobial potential against human dermatophyte fungi. Three samples were harvested from Baleal Island(Peniche, Portugal)harvested in winter(BbPe); from Aguda Beach(Arcozelo, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal), harvested in autumn(BbAg) and a sample obtained by culturing the Aguda sample under laboratory conditions(BbLC).A broth macrodilution assay was applied to determine the MIC(minimum inhibitory concentration) and MLC(minimum lethal concentration) of the B. bifurcata extracts. Results show that the BbPe MeOH extracts were the most effective and had higher antifungal activity against all the tested dermatophyte strains than the BbLC and BaAg extracts [Epidermophyton floccosum FF9(100-200 μg/mL MIC; 200 μg/mL MLC), Microsporum canis FF1(400 μg/mL MIC; 400 μg/mL MLC), Trichophyton mentagrophytes FF7(100 μg/mL MIC; 800 μg/mL MLC), M. gypseum CECT 2908(800 μg/mL MIC; 800 μg/mL MLC), T.mentagrophytes var. interdigitale CECT 2958(800 μg/mL MIC; 800 μg/mL MLC), T. rubrum CECT 2794(200 μg/mL MIC; 400 μg/mL MLC)]. In fact, only E. floccosum FF9 was sensitive to BbAg and BbLC MeOH extracts. To our knowledge, this is the first report of antifungal activity of B. bifurcata against human dermatophyte fungi.  相似文献   

The Role of Solar Wind Structures in the Generation of ULF Waves in the Inner Magnetosphere     

L. R. Alves  V. M. Souza  P. R. Jauer  L. A. da Silva  C. Medeiros  C. R. Braga  M. V. Alves  D. Koga  J. P. Marchezi  R. R. S. de Mendonça  R. S. Dallaqua  M. V. G. Barbosa  M. Rockenbach  A. Dal Lago  O. Mendes  L. E. A. Vieira  M. Banik  D. G. Sibeck  S. G. Kanekal  D. N. Baker  J. R. Wygant  C. A. Kletzing 《Solar physics》2017,292(7):92

The plasma of the solar wind incident upon the Earth’s magnetosphere can produce several types of geoeffective events. Among them, an important phenomenon consists of the interrelation of the magnetospheric–ionospheric current systems and the charged-particle population of the Earth’s Van Allen radiation belts. Ultra-low-frequency (ULF) waves resonantly interacting with such particles have been claimed to play a major role in the energetic particle flux changes, particularly at the outer radiation belt, which is mainly composed of electrons at relativistic energies. In this article, we use global magnetohydrodynamic simulations along with in situ and ground-based observations to evaluate the ability of two different solar wind transient (SWT) events to generate ULF (few to tens of mHz) waves in the equatorial region of the inner magnetosphere. Magnetic field and plasma data from the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) satellite were used to characterize these two SWT events as being a sector boundary crossing (SBC) on 24 September 2013, and an interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) in conjunction with a shock on 2 October 2013. Associated with these events, the twin Van Allen Probes measured a depletion of the outer belt relativistic electron flux concurrent with magnetic and electric field power spectra consistent with ULF waves. Two ground-based observatories apart in 90^° longitude also showed evidence of ULF-wave activity for the two SWT events. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation results show that the ULF-like oscillations in the modeled electric and magnetic fields observed during both events are a result from the SWT coupling to the magnetosphere. The analysis of the MHD simulation results together with the observations leads to the conclusion that the two SWT structures analyzed in this article can be geoeffective on different levels, with each one leading to distinct ring current intensities, but both SWTs are related to the same disturbance in the outer radiation belt, i.e. a dropout in the relativistic electron fluxes. Therefore, minor disturbances in the solar wind parameters, such as those related to an SBC, may initiate physical processes that are able to be geoeffective for the outer radiation belt.  相似文献   

Mass mortality of the fan mussel,Pinna nobilis in Turkey (eastern Mediterranean)     

Fikret Öndes  Vahit Alan  Barış Akçalı  Harun Güçlüsoy 《Marine Ecology》2020,41(5):e12607

This study reported the mass mortality events (MMEs) of Pinna nobilis based on diving surveys in Turkey. Data were collected across 12 sites in the Aegean Sea, and one site in the Sea of Marmara, within the period of June-September 2019. The results showed that a low mortality rate of 10% was found in the Sea of Marmara, and a MME was not detected for this area. In contrast, 97% mortality was recorded for the P. nobilis population distributed in the Turkish Aegean Sea. This discrepancy might be related to the seawater temperature and salinity values of these two seas. The waters of the Sea of Marmara were colder and less salty than the Aegean Sea. The findings highlighted the importance of protecting the healthy population of critically endangered fan mussels in the Sea of Marmara. It was recommended that sound management plans comprising of monitoring, enforcement and public awareness activities could be implemented in order to achieve this.  相似文献   

Determination of the tectonic evolution of the Edremit Gulf based on seismic reflection studies     

C. Kurtuluş  B. Doğan  F. Sertçelik  M. Canbay  H. M. Küçük 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2009,30(2):121-134

The Edremit Gulf, which developed during the Neogene-Quaternary, is a seismically active graben in NW Anatolia (Turkey) surrounded by the Sakarya continent. The sedimentary deposits in the gulf overlie the bedrock unconformably and can be separated into two parts as upper and lower deposits based on similarity of their seismic characteristics, and because the contact between them is clear. The lower deposits are characterized in the seismic profiles by the absence of well defined, continuous reflectors and are strongly disturbed by faults. A tectonic map and structural model of the Edremit Gulf was derived from interpreting 21 deep seismic profiles trending NE–SW and NW–SE within the gulf. Two fault systems were distinguished on the basis of this compilation. The NNW–SSE trending parallel faults are low-angle normal faults formed after compression. They controlled and deformed the lower basin deposits. A syncline and anticline with a broad fold-curvature length resulted in folds that developed parallel to basin boundaries in the lower basin deposits. The ENE–WSW trending high-angle faults have controlled and deformed the northern basin of the Edremit Gulf. The folds developed within the northern lower deposits originated from the listric geometry of the faults. These faults are normal faults associated with regional N–S extension in western Anatolia. The Edremit Gulf began to open under the control of low-angle NNW–SSE trending faults that developed after the compression of western Anatolia in an E–W direction in the early Neogene. Subsequently, regional N–S extensional stress and high-angle normal faults cut the previous structures, opened the northern basin, and controlled and deformed the lower basin deposits in the gulf. As a result, the Edremit Gulf has not been controlled by any strike-slip faults or the Northern Anatolian Fault. The basin developed in the two different tectonic regimes of western Anatolia as an Aegean type cross-graben from the Neogene to Holocene.  相似文献   

MAritime RISk Assessment (MARISA), a fuzzy approach to define an individual ship risk factor     

Jean-François Balmat  Frédéric Lafont  Robert Maifret  Nathalie Pessel 《Ocean Engineering》2009,36(15-16):1278-1286

This paper presents a fuzzy approach for the MAritime RISk Assessment (MARISA) applied to safety at sea. The aim of this work is to define automatically an individual ship risk factor which could be used in a decision making system. To achieve this purpose, a modular and hierarchical structure using fuzzy logic has been developed. It allows us to obtain a fuzzy risk factor (FRF) composed of a static risk factor (SRF) and a dynamic risk factor (DRF). The static risk factor assessment takes into account several static data relative to the ship (age, flag, gross tonnage, number of companies, duration of detention and type). The dynamic risk factor is evaluated by considering the meteorological conditions (sea state, wind speed and visibility) and the moment of the day. Moreover, the MARISA graphic interface developed with the Labview software is presented. This interface allows several simulations to be carried out to validate the fuzzy method proposed. Simulation results are presented.  相似文献   

Seasonal variability of living benthic foraminifera from the outer continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Grald Duchemin  Frans J. Jorissen  Franois Le Loc'h  Franoise Andrieux-Loyer  Christian Hily  Grard Thouzeau 《Journal of Sea Research》2008,59(4):297-319

Living benthic foraminiferal faunas of six stations from the continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay have been investigated during three successive seasons (spring, summer and autumn 2002). For the three investigated stations, bottom water oxygen concentration, oxygen penetration into the sediment and sediment organic carbon contents are all relatively similar. Therefore, we think that the density and the composition of the foraminiferal faunas is mainly controlled by the quantity and quality of organic input resulting from a succession of phytoplankton bloom events, occurring from late February to early September. The earliest blooms are positioned at the shelf break, late spring and early summer blooms occur off Brittany, whereas in late summer and early autumn, only coastal blooms appear, often in the vicinity of river outlets. In spring, the benthic foraminiferal faunas of central (B, C and D) and outer (E) continental shelf stations are characterised by strong dominance in the first area and strong presence in the second area of Nonionella iridea. In fact, station E does not serve as a major depocenter for the remains of phytoplankton blooms. If station E is not considered, the densities of this taxon show a clear gradient from the shelf-break, where the species dominates the assemblages, to the coast, where it attains very low densities. We explain this gradient as a response to the presence, in early spring, of an important phytoplankton bloom, mainly composed of coccolithophorids, over the shelf break. This observation is supported by the maximum particles flux values at stations close to the shelf break (18.5 g m^− 2 h^− 1) and lower values in a station closer to the coast (6.8 g m^− 2 h^− 1). In summer, the faunal density is maximum at station A, relatively close to more varied phytoplancton blooms that occur off Brittany until early June. We suggest that the dominant species, Nonion fabum, Cassidulina carinata and Bolivina ex. gr. dilatata respond to phytodetritus input from these blooms. In autumn, the rich faunas of inner shelf station G are dominated by N. fabum, B. ex. gr. dilatata, Hyalinea balthica and Nonionella turgida. These taxa seem to be correlated with the presence of coastal blooms phenomena, in front of river outlets. They may be favoured by an organic input with a significant contribution of terrestrial, rather low quality organic matter.  相似文献   

Co-registration and correlation of aerial photographs for ground deformation measurements     

François Ayoub  Sébastien Leprince  Jean-Philippe Avouac 《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2009,64(6):551-560

We describe and test a procedure to accurately co-register and correlate multi-temporal aerial images. We show that this procedure can be used to measure surface deformation, and explore the performance and limitations of the technique. The algorithms were implemented in a software package, COSI-Corr (available from the Caltech Tectonics Observatory website). The technique is validated on several case examples of co-seismic deformation. First, we measure co-seismic ground deformation due to the 1992, Mw 7.3, Landers, California, earthquake from 1 m resolution aerial photography of the National Aerial Photography Program (United States Geological Survey). The fault ruptures are clearly detected, including small kilometric segments with fault slip as small as a few tens of centimeters. We also obtained similar performance from images of the fault ruptures produced by the 1999 Mw 7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake. The measurements are shown to be biased due to the inaccuracy of the Digital Elevation Model, film distortions, scanning artifacts, and ignorance of ground displacements at the location of the tie points used to co-register the multi-temporal images. We show that some of these artifacts can be identified and corrected.  相似文献