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151.
Ivan Marić Ante Šiljeg Neven Cukrov Vlatko Roland Fran Domazetović 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(10):2331-2349
Accurate determination of the tufa growth rate (TGR) is required to answer the fundamental geomorphological question of tufa evolution. The TGR has been measured by various direct and indirect methods. One of the most popular direct methods uses modified micro-erosion meter (MEM), which has several drawbacks. Here, we present for the first time a coordinate measuring macro-photogrammetry device (CMD) for monitoring the TGR in a contactless manner. The CMD was applied on 28 limestone plates at 14 locations within the Skradinski buk area, Croatia, and measurements were performed in the laboratory. The TGR was derived from digital tufa high-resolution models (DTHRMs). The accuracy of the device was evaluated using state-of-the-art three-dimensional (3D) scanners and error calculation at checkpoints. Moreover, the precision was evaluated with the split test (n = 5). A total of 74 DTHRMs with a spatial resolution of 0.0236 mm were created. The TGR ranged from 0.327 to 19.302 mm a−1, with an average of 5.771 mm a−1. A higher TGR was observed on the limestone plates near mosses, located in fast and turbulent water rather than in stagnant water. We found that specific micro-environmental factors (e.g. proximity to moss) positively affected tufa growth. Erosion events were observed, as well as the presence of aquatic insect larvae (Simuliidae and Chironomidae), which positively affected tufa growth. The CMD is a precise and accurate device that does not suffer from the drawbacks of the MEM method and has many other advantages. It has a high capability of tufa erosion detection, enables the identification of macroinvertebrates, and multispectral or hyperspectral cameras can be mounted on the device for spectral reflectance analysis of the tufa surface. The CMD can be applied in any study requiring a sub-millimetre data quality and involving the comparison of consecutive 3D models and derivation of various parameters of smaller objects. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
152.
153.
The distributions of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and total alkalinity (TA) were examined for a 6-month period in the Wailuku and Wailoa rivers and coastal waters of Hilo
Bay on the west coast of the Island of Hawaii, USA. Main results for the largest and turbulent Wailuku River show in the watershed
an oversaturation in CO2 with respect to atmospheric equilibrium and a CO2 undersaturation in the estuary. In the Wailoa river-estuary system, extremely high pCO2 values ranging from 1500 to 10500 ppm were measured with significant shifts in pCO2 from drought to flood period. In the two rivers, water residence time, groundwater inputs and occasional flood events are
the predominant drivers of the spatial and temporal patterns in the distribution of pCO2. In Hilo Bay, CO2 oversaturation dominates and the bay was a source of CO2 to the atmosphere during the study period. TA is conservative along the salinity gradient, indicating calcification in the
bay is not a significant source of CO2 to the atmosphere. 相似文献
154.
Sea level measurements along the southeastern Brazilian coast, between 20° S and 30° S, show the effect of the Sumatra Tsunami
of December 26, 2004. Two records from stations, one located inside an estuary and other inside a bay, shows oscillations
of about 0.20 m range; one additional record from a station facing the open sea shows up to 1.2 m range oscillations. These
oscillations have around 45 min period, starting 20–22 h after the Sumatra earthquake in the Indian Ocean (00:59 UTC) and
lasting for 2 days. A computer modelling of the event reproduces the time of arrival of long shallow-water tsunami waves at
the southeastern Brazilian coast but with slight longer period and amplitudes smaller than observed at the coast, probably
due to its coarse resolution (1/4 of a degree). The high amplitudes observed at the coast suggest a mechanism of amplification
of these waves over the southeastern Brazilian shelf. 相似文献
155.
François Faure Pierre Schiano Gilles Trolliard Christian Nicollet Bernard Soulestin 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2007,153(4):405-416
Dynamic crystallization experiments in the CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 (CMAS) system have been used to investigate the change in crystal shape when pre-existing polyhedral olivine crystals are
cooled rapidly (1,639–2,182°C/h). Polyhedral olivines are crystallized initially in a first step using a slow cooling rate
(2°C/h), then skeletal and dendritic overgrowths develop on the polyhedral crystals during a subsequent fast cooling event.
During this second episode small dendritic olivines also nucleate within the liquid phase. Observation of the experimental
sample by optical microscopy shows that the polyhedral olivine shape progressively changes to a skeletal and then to a dendritic
morphology in the following sequence: polyhedral ⇒ hopper polyhedral ⇒ dendritic polyhedral. This evolutional sequence is
discussed in terms of changes in the crystal growth conditions during cooling and a general relation between these olivine
dynamic crystallization experiments and the integrated model of crystal growth by Sunagawa (Bull Minér 104:81–87, 1981, Morphology of crystals, Terra Scientific Publishing Company, 1987) is proposed. 相似文献
156.
157.
Marie Lothon Fleur Couvreux Sylvie Donier Françoise Guichard Pierre Lacarrère Donald H. Lenschow Joël Noilhan Frédérique Saïd 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,124(3):425-447
During the Hydrological-Atmospheric Pilot Experiment (HAPEX)-Sahel, which took place in Niger in the transitional period between
the wet and dry seasons, two French aircraft probed the Sahelian boundary layer to measure sensible and latent heat fluxes.
The measurements over the Niamey area often revealed organised structures of a few km scale that were associated with both
thermals and dry intrusions. We study the impact of these coherent structures using a single day’s aircraft-measured fluxes
and a numerical simulation of that day with a mesoscale model. The numerical simulation at high horizontal resolution (250 m)
contains structures that evolve from streaks in the early morning to cells by noon. This simulation shows distribution, variance
and skewness similar to the observations. In particular, the numerical simulation shows dry intrusions that can penetrate
deeply into the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), and even reach the surface in some cases, which is in accordance with the
observed highly negatively skewed water vapour fluctuations. Dry intrusions and thermals organised at a few km scale give
skewed flux statistics and can introduce large errors in measured fluxes. We use the numerical simulation to: (i) evaluate
the contribution of the organised structures to the total flux, and (ii) estimate the impact of the organised structures on
the systematic and random errors resulting from the 1D sampling of the aircraft as opposed to the 2D numerical simulation
estimate. We find a significant contribution by the organised structures to the total resolved fluxes. When rolls occur, and
for a leg length of about 30 times the ABL depth, the 1D sampled flux is shown to be sometimes 20% lower than the corresponding
2D flux when the 1D sampling direction is the same as the main axis of the rolls, whereas the systematic error is much lower
when the direction of the leg is transverse to the rolls. In the case of cells, an underestimate of around 10% can still be
observed with the 1D approach independent of direction, due to poor sampling of the energy-containing scales. 相似文献
158.
Sulfur partition coefficient between apatite and rhyolite: the role of bulk S content 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Fleurice?ParatEmail author Fran?ois?Holtz 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2005,150(6):643-651
Experimental studies have been performed to constrain sulfur behavior during apatite crystallization and to determine sulfur
partition coefficient between apatite and melt (KdSapatite/melt) at oxidizing conditions. Crystallization experiments have been conducted with a hydrous rhyolitic melt and different bulk
sulfur contents (0.15 to 2 wt.% S) at 900 and 1,000°C, 200 MPa and Δlog =NNO+3.6. The sulfur content in the glass increases with increasing amount of added S. Anhydrite crystallizes for S added = 0.75 wt.%
(0.10 and 0.13 wt.% SO3 in glass at 900 and 1,000°C, respectively). The amount of anhydrite increases and the amount of apatite decreases with increasing
amount of added sulfur. The sulfur exchange reaction in apatite is influenced by the bulk composition of the melt (e.g., P
content). However, changing melt composition has only little effect on KdSapatite/melt for the investigated rhyolitic composition. The KdSapatite/melt does not depend directly on temperature, decreases from 14.2 to 2.7 with increasing S content in glass from SO3=0.03 to 0.19 wt.%, respectively, and can be predicted from the following equation: ln Kd = −0.0025×S in melt (in ppm)+2.9178.
The combination of experimental data obtained for rhyolitic and andesitic melts reveals that the sulfur partition coefficient
tends toward a value of 2 for high-sulfur content in the glass (>0.2 wt.% SO3). Using S in apatite as proxy for determining S content in melt is promising but additional experimental data are needed
to clarify the individual effects of T, , and P and Ca content in the melt on S partitioning. 相似文献
159.
Fluoride concentrations have been determined in major French rivers and estuaries. The unpolluted estuary in the Loire has been compared with the Seine, Gironde and Charente where important discharges occur. Natural dissolved concentration can be multiplied by a factor of 30. Particulate fluorine concentration reach almost 2000 ppm in the Seine estuary. The percentage between free and complexed dissolved fluoride is not affected by the anthropic discharge. The present French rivers discharge of fluoride is 700% higher than the pristine value. At a global scale, dissolved fluoride has probably increased by 25% compared with the natural situation. 相似文献
160.
Stéphane Gaffet Giovanna Cultrera Michel Dietrich Françoise Courboulex Fabrizio Marra Michel Bouchon Arrigo Caserta Cécile Cornou Anne Deschamps Jean-Paul Glot Robert Guiguet 《Journal of Seismology》2000,4(4):525-541
Strong site effects were observed during the two M
W 5.7 and M
W 6.0 main shocks of the Colfiorito seismic crisis which occured on September 26, 1997 in Umbria-Marche (Central Italy).The most obvious indications of these effects are the dramatic differences in damage shown by buildings of similar construction in neighboring villages.Such observations were specifically made in the Verchiano valley in the fault area, 15 km south of Colfiorito where the Verchiano village and the Colle and Camino hamlets were heavily damaged (MCS intensity IX-X) since the first main shock of 1997/09/26,while in contrast, the Curasci village located 2 km eastwards remains almost intact.In order to study the anomalous ground motion amplifications in this area, an array of 11, 3-components seismo- and accelero-meters was set up during the 1997/10/20-24 period, extending from the western side of the valley, up to the top of Mount San Salvatore, going accross the Colle and Curasci hamlets.During the experiment, 67 aftershocks enlightened the valley from the Colfiorito (10 km north) and the Sellano (6 km south) active swarms.Seismic refraction experiments were conducted at the same time in the 500 m wide, 1500 m long Verchiano valley in order to determine the thickness and main characteristics of the alluvial infilling.The main results are: (i) compared to the valley side ground motion, and for all the events, recordings in the central part of the valley (piana di Verchiano) show relative amplification of 10 with a clear lengthening of the seismogram duration by a factor of 2 – (ii) broad band relative amplification of 6–8 is also clearly identified at the top of the Mount San Salvatore overhanging the valley – (iii) any of the site effect measurements done explains by itself the strongly contrasted damage observed at Colle and Curasci: i.e. the modification of the near-field radiation pattern by interaction with the free heterogeneous surface may have induced local shadow zones that saved Curasci. 相似文献