The solubility of CaCO₃ in seawater at 2°C based upon in-situ sampled pore water composition     

Frederick L. Sayles 《Marine Chemistry》1980,9(4):223-235

Analyses of the concentration product (Ca²⁺) × (CO₃²⁻) in the pore waters of marine sediments have been used to estimate the apparent solubility products of sedimentary calcite (K′_SPc) and aragonite (K′_SPa) in seawater. Regression of the data gives the relation In K′^P_SPc = 1.94 × 10⁻³ δP − 14.59 The 2°C, 1 atm value of K′_SPc is, then, 4.61 × 10⁻⁷ mol² l⁻². The pressure coefficient yields a at 2°C of −43.8 cm³ atm⁻¹. A single station where aragonite is present in the sediments gives a value of K′_SPa = 9.2 × 10⁻⁷ (4°C, 81 atm). The calcite data are very similar to those determined experimentally by Ingle et al. (1973) for K′_SPc at 2°C and 1 atm. The calculated is also indistinguishable from the experimental results of Ingle (1975) if is assumed to be independent of pressure.  相似文献   

Detection of European ancestry in escaped farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in the Magaguadavic River and Chamcook Stream, New Brunswick, Canada     

O'Reilly  Patrick T.; Carr  Jonathan W.; Whoriskey  Frederick G.; Verspoor  Eric 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2006,63(7):1256-1262

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Magnetic ordering of the polar airglow     

J.E. Frederick  P.B. Hays 《Planetary and Space Science》1978,26(4):339-345

The visible airglow experiment on the Atmosphere Explorer-C satellite has gathered sufficient data over the Earth's polar regions to allow one to map the geographic distribution of particle precipitation using emissions at 3371 and 5200 Å. Both of these features exhibit large variations in space and time. The 3371 Å emission of N₂(C³π), excited by low energy electrons, indicates substantial energy inputs on the dayside in the vicinity of the polar cusp. More precipitation occurs in the morning than evening for the sample reported here, while the entire night sector between magnetic latitudes 65° and 77.5° is subjected to particle fluxes. Regions of enhanced 5200 Å emission from $\text{N}\text{(}{}^2\text{D)}$ are larger in horizontal extent than those at 3371 Å. This smearing effect is due to ionospheric motions induced by magnetospheric convection.  相似文献   

Collective resources in the repopulation of New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina     

Weil  Frederick D.  Rackin  Heather M.  Maddox  David 《Natural Hazards》2018,92(2):927-942

This study explores the influence of three factors on a person’s decision to drive in winter weather: destination, affected area, and caution level. Participants (n = 555) completed an online survey that included scenarios with text of a simulated radio message involving a character named Mike. After the scenario, participants answered Likert-scaled questions related to their intention to drive (what would you do) and their recommended behavior for others (what should Mike do). There was a significant effect of destination and caution level on the decision to drive. Participants were more likely to respond that they would drive if the destination was work rather than dinner, and if the caution statement was “exercise caution” rather than “do not drive.” There were similar significant effects of destination and caution level on what the scenario character should do. It is recommended that a clear directive be included in warning messages to encourage drivers to stay off the roadways during hazardous weather.  相似文献   

土体三维卸荷弹塑性模型及其试验验证     

张坤勇  臧振君  李威  文德宝  Charkley Frederick Nai 《岩土力学》2019,40(4):1313-1323

天然土体经历开挖卸荷应力路径后,其应力变形特性与常规加载应力路径条件下规律存在较大差异。目前常用土体本构模型大多建立在等向固结单向加载三轴试验基础上,没有考虑初始K0固结和开挖卸荷应力路径的影响。以剑桥模型为基础,借鉴关口-太田模型的建模思想,通过引入新的应力比参数,对p-q平面上屈服轨迹硬化轴进行旋转,调整弹性区范围,以反映初始K0固结的影响;再运用变换应力法将模型三维化处理,从而使模型可以描述土体三向不等向应力状态,最终得到一个能综合反映土体K0固结开挖卸荷应力-应变特性的三维弹塑性本构模型。通过和典型室内应力路径试验结果进行对比,验证了模型的合理性。  相似文献   

Prescribed‐fire effects on rill and interrill runoff and erosion in a mountainous sagebrush landscape     

Frederick B. Pierson  Corey A. Moffet  C. Jason Williams  Stuart P. Hardegree  Patrick E. Clark 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2009,34(2):193-203

Changing fire regimes and prescribed‐fire use in invasive species management on rangelands require improved understanding of fire effects on runoff and erosion from steeply sloping sagebrush‐steppe. Small (0·5 m²) and large (32·5 m²) plot rainfall simulations (85 mm h^–1, 1 h) and concentrated flow methodologies were employed immediately following burning and 1 and 2 years post‐fire to investigate infiltration, runoff and erosion from interrill (rainsplash, sheetwash) and rill (concentrated flow) processes on unburned and burned areas of a steeply sloped sagebrush site on coarse‐textured soils. Soil water repellency and vegetation were assessed to infer relationships in soil and vegetation factors that influence runoff and erosion. Runoff and erosion from rainfall simulations and concentrated flow experiments increased immediately following burning. Runoff returned to near pre‐burn levels and sediment yield was greatly reduced with ground cover recovery to 40 per cent 1 year post‐fire. Erosion remained above pre‐burn levels on large rainfall simulation and concentrated flow plots until ground cover reached 60 per cent two growing seasons post‐fire. The greatest impact of the fire was the threefold reduction of ground cover. Removal of vegetation and ground cover and the influence of pre‐existing strong soil‐water repellency increased the spatial continuity of overland flow, reduced runoff and sediment filtering effects of vegetation and ground cover, and facilitated increased velocity and transport capacity of overland flow. Small plot rainfall simulations suggest ground cover recovery to 40 per cent probably protected the site from low‐return‐interval storms, large plot rainfall and concentrated flow experiments indicate the site remained susceptible to elevated erosion rates during high‐intensity or long duration events until ground cover levels reached 60 per cent. The data demonstrate that the persistence of fire effects on steeply‐sloped, sandy sagebrush sites depends on the time period required for ground cover to recover to near 60 per cent and on the strength and persistence of ‘background’ or fire‐induced soil water repellency. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Small-scale,patchy distributions of infauna in hydrodynamically mobile continental shelf sands: Do ripple crests and troughs support different communities?     

Patricia A. Ramey  Judith P. Grassle  J. Frederick Grassle  Rosemarie F. Petrecca   《Continental Shelf Research》2009,29(18):2222-2233

Spatial variability of infauna with respect to distribution of topographic habitat features was examined in hydrodynamically mobile sandy sediments on the inner continental shelf off New Jersey, USA (39° 27.69′ N, 74° 15.81′W). Sediment cores for infauna were taken by SCUBA divers at multiple spatial scales over time at 12-m depth in the LEO-15 research area on Beach Haven Ridge. Crests, troughs and less consistently flanks of sand ripples 5–15-cm in height, were characterized by different infaunal community patterns at spatial scales of centimeters to kilometers on several sampling dates. Overall, infaunal community differences among ripple crests, troughs, and/or flanks within areas <1-m² were greater than those found for each of these habitats (i.e., either crests, troughs, or flanks) that were separated by distances of 2 m–4 km. Infaunal density and species richness were consistently higher in troughs compared to crests. Indirect measures of food resources such as particulate organic carbon, chl a, and pheophytin were associated with ripple crests and troughs. Troughs contained significantly higher levels of particulate organic carbon (~1.2 times higher) associated with finer sediments, compared with crests and flanks. Various combinations of taxa had higher densities in either crests or troughs of sand ripples depending on date, and the relative abundances of three taxa, the deposit-feeding polychaete Polygordius jouinae, the suspension-feeding surfclam Spisula solidissima, and predatory nemerteans were important in distinguishing between crests and troughs on most dates. Thus, a priori knowledge of whether a benthic sample comes from a crest or trough helped to explain small-scale infaunal patchiness in relatively homogeneous, subtidal sandy sediments. Consideration of such topographic features in sampling designs can help in explaining variation in species’ distributions at several spatial and temporal scales.  相似文献   

Implications of rate-limited mass transfer for aquifer storage and recovery     

Culkin SL  Singha K  Day-Lewis FD 《Ground water》2008,46(4):591-605

Pressure to decrease reliance on surface water storage has led to increased interest in aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) systems. Recovery efficiency, which is the ratio of the volume of recovered water that meets a predefined standard to total volume of injected fluid, is a common criterion of ASR viability. Recovery efficiency can be degraded by a number of physical and geochemical processes, including rate-limited mass transfer (RLMT), which describes the exchange of solutes between mobile and immobile pore fluids. RLMT may control transport behavior that cannot be explained by advection and dispersion. We present data from a pilot-scale ASR study in Charleston, South Carolina, and develop a three-dimensional finite-difference model to evaluate the impact of RLMT processes on ASR efficiency. The modeling shows that RLMT can explain a rebound in salinity during fresh water storage in a brackish aquifer. Multicycle model results show low efficiencies over one to three ASR cycles due to RLMT degrading water quality during storage; efficiencies can evolve and improve markedly, however, over multiple cycles, even exceeding efficiencies generated by advection-dispersion only models. For an idealized ASR model where RLMT is active, our simulations show a discrete range of diffusive length scales over which the viability of ASR schemes in brackish aquifers would be hindered.  相似文献   

Searching for similarity in topographic controls on carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus export from forested headwater catchments   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

Samson G. Mengistu  Irena F. Creed  Kara L. Webster  Eric Enanga  Frederick D. Beall 《水文研究》2014,28(8):3201-3216

Topography influences hydrological processes that in turn affect biogeochemical export to surface water on forested landscapes. The differences in long‐term average annual dissolved organic carbon (DOC), organic and inorganic nitrogen [NO₃^?‐N, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON)], and phosphorus (total dissolved phosphorus, TDP) export from catchments in the Algoma Highlands of Ontario, Canada, with similar climate, geology, forest and soil were established. Topographic indicators were designed to represent topographically regulated hydrological processes that influence nutrient export, including (1) hydrological storage potential (i.e. effects of topographic flats/depressions on water storage) and (2) hydrological flushing potential (i.e. effects of topographic slopes on potential for variable source area to expand and tap into previously untapped areas). Variations in NO₃^?‐N export among catchments could be explained by indicators representing both hydrological flushing potential (91%, p < 0.001) and hydrological storage potential (65%, p < 0.001), suggesting the importance of hydrological flushing in regulating NO₃^?‐N export as well as surface saturated areas in intercepting NO₃^?‐N‐loaded runoff. In contrast, hydrological storage potential explained the majority of variations among catchments in DON (69%, p < 0.001), DOC (94%, p < 0.001) and TDP (82%, p < 0.001) export. The lower explanatory power of DON (about 15% less) compared with that of DOC and TDP suggests another mechanism influencing N export, such as controls related to alternative fates of nitrogen (e.g. as gas). This study shows that simple topographic indicators can be used to track nutrient sources, sinks and their transport and export to surface water from catchments on forest landscapes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

1DTempPro: Analyzing Temperature Profiles for Groundwater/Surface‐water Exchange     

Emily B. Voytek  Anja Drenkelfuss  Frederick D. Day‐Lewis  Richard Healy  John W. Lane Jr.  Dale Werkema 《Ground water》2014,52(2):298-302

A new computer program, 1DTempPro, is presented for the analysis of vertical one‐dimensional (1D) temperature profiles under saturated flow conditions. 1DTempPro is a graphical user interface to the U.S. Geological Survey code Variably Saturated 2‐Dimensional Heat Transport (VS2DH), which numerically solves the flow and heat‐transport equations. Pre‐ and postprocessor features allow the user to calibrate VS2DH models to estimate vertical groundwater/surface‐water exchange and also hydraulic conductivity for cases where hydraulic head is known.  相似文献