Small-scale,patchy distributions of infauna in hydrodynamically mobile continental shelf sands: Do ripple crests and troughs support different communities?     

Patricia A. Ramey  Judith P. Grassle  J. Frederick Grassle  Rosemarie F. Petrecca   《Continental Shelf Research》2009,29(18):2222-2233

Spatial variability of infauna with respect to distribution of topographic habitat features was examined in hydrodynamically mobile sandy sediments on the inner continental shelf off New Jersey, USA (39° 27.69′ N, 74° 15.81′W). Sediment cores for infauna were taken by SCUBA divers at multiple spatial scales over time at 12-m depth in the LEO-15 research area on Beach Haven Ridge. Crests, troughs and less consistently flanks of sand ripples 5–15-cm in height, were characterized by different infaunal community patterns at spatial scales of centimeters to kilometers on several sampling dates. Overall, infaunal community differences among ripple crests, troughs, and/or flanks within areas <1-m² were greater than those found for each of these habitats (i.e., either crests, troughs, or flanks) that were separated by distances of 2 m–4 km. Infaunal density and species richness were consistently higher in troughs compared to crests. Indirect measures of food resources such as particulate organic carbon, chl a, and pheophytin were associated with ripple crests and troughs. Troughs contained significantly higher levels of particulate organic carbon (~1.2 times higher) associated with finer sediments, compared with crests and flanks. Various combinations of taxa had higher densities in either crests or troughs of sand ripples depending on date, and the relative abundances of three taxa, the deposit-feeding polychaete Polygordius jouinae, the suspension-feeding surfclam Spisula solidissima, and predatory nemerteans were important in distinguishing between crests and troughs on most dates. Thus, a priori knowledge of whether a benthic sample comes from a crest or trough helped to explain small-scale infaunal patchiness in relatively homogeneous, subtidal sandy sediments. Consideration of such topographic features in sampling designs can help in explaining variation in species’ distributions at several spatial and temporal scales.  相似文献   

Benefits and Cautions in Data Assimilation Strategies: An Example of Modeling Groundwater Recharge     

Allen M. Shapiro  Frederick D. Day-Lewis 《Ground water》2024,62(3):405-416

Assimilating recent observations improves model outcomes for real-time assessments of groundwater processes. This is demonstrated in estimating time-varying recharge to a shallow fractured-rock aquifer in response to precipitation. Results from estimating the time-varying water-table altitude (h) and recharge, and their error covariances, are compared for forecasting, filtering, and fixed-lag smoothing (FLS), which are implemented using the Kalman Filter as applied to a data-driven, mechanistic model of recharge. Forecasting uses past observations to predict future states and is the current paradigm in most groundwater modeling investigations; filtering assimilates observations up to the current time to estimate current states; and FLS estimates states following a time lag over which additional observations are collected. Results for forecasting yield a large error covariance relative to the magnitude of the expected recharge. With assimilating recent observations of h, filtering and FLS produce estimates of recharge that better represent time-varying observations of h and reduce uncertainty in comparison to forecasting. Although model outcomes from applying data assimilation through filtering or FLS reduce model uncertainty, they are not necessarily mass conservative, whereas forecasting outcomes are mass conservative. Mass conservative outcomes from forecasting are not necessarily more accurate, because process errors are inherent in any model. Improvements in estimating real-time groundwater conditions that better represent observations need to be weighed for the model application against outcomes with inherent process deficiencies. Results from data assimilation strategies discussed in this investigation are anticipated to be relevant to other groundwater processes models where system states are sensitive to system inputs.  相似文献   

Implications of rate-limited mass transfer for aquifer storage and recovery     

Culkin SL  Singha K  Day-Lewis FD 《Ground water》2008,46(4):591-605

Pressure to decrease reliance on surface water storage has led to increased interest in aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) systems. Recovery efficiency, which is the ratio of the volume of recovered water that meets a predefined standard to total volume of injected fluid, is a common criterion of ASR viability. Recovery efficiency can be degraded by a number of physical and geochemical processes, including rate-limited mass transfer (RLMT), which describes the exchange of solutes between mobile and immobile pore fluids. RLMT may control transport behavior that cannot be explained by advection and dispersion. We present data from a pilot-scale ASR study in Charleston, South Carolina, and develop a three-dimensional finite-difference model to evaluate the impact of RLMT processes on ASR efficiency. The modeling shows that RLMT can explain a rebound in salinity during fresh water storage in a brackish aquifer. Multicycle model results show low efficiencies over one to three ASR cycles due to RLMT degrading water quality during storage; efficiencies can evolve and improve markedly, however, over multiple cycles, even exceeding efficiencies generated by advection-dispersion only models. For an idealized ASR model where RLMT is active, our simulations show a discrete range of diffusive length scales over which the viability of ASR schemes in brackish aquifers would be hindered.  相似文献   

A New R Program for Flow-Log Analysis of Single Holes (FLASH-R)     

Marcos B. Barbosa  Neil Terry  Frederick D. Day-Lewis  Reginaldo Bertolo  John W. Lane Jr 《Ground water》2020,58(6):987-992

A new version of the computer program FLASH (Flow-Log Analysis of Single Holes) is presented for the analysis of borehole vertical flow logs to estimate fracture (or layer) transmissivities and far-field hydraulic heads. The program is written in R, an open-source environment. All previous features have been retained and new features incorporated including more rigorous parameter estimation, uncertainty analysis, and improved data import. The program has a dynamic user interface compatible with most operating systems.  相似文献   

Resolving the contributing factors to Mississippi Delta subsidence: Past and Present     

Bruce C. Frederick  Michael Blum  Richard Fillon  Harry Roberts 《Basin Research》2019,31(1):171-190

To date, quantification of individual components that contribute to shallow and deep‐seated subsidence in passive margin deltas worldwide has proven problematic. A new, regional gridded chronostratigraphic dataset for the Lower Mississippi Delta region, derived from 80,928 well reports across the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM), has bridged the disparity between geodetic mean rates measuring total land surface subsidence across annual‐to‐decadal timescales and the deep‐seated stratigraphic subsidence rates that record isostatic response over timescales of >10⁴ years. Through a quantitative assessment of gridded chronostratigraphic surfaces, sections, and subsidence rates extending from the Middle Pleistocene (0.58 Ma) to the Late Pliocene (3.85 Ma), we identify both temporal and spatial variability in deep‐seated subsidence across the northern GOM. Targeted deep‐seated subsidence data extracted across prior GOM Holocene sea‐level sample locations have revealed more than an order of magnitude greater rates of isostatic compensation in the Mississippi depocentre versus similar GOM sea‐level control sites in Florida and Alabama, casting doubt on efforts towards a representative Holocene sea‐level curve. Spatial variability in subsidence was also assessed locally in both the strike and dip directions to assess the contributions of growth faults. Fault throw displacement magnitude was discovered to decrease with depth, accounting for less than half of the total deep‐seated subsidence record of the Middle Pleistocene. Temporal subsidence complexities were also revealed including a direct, inverse logarithmic relationship between subsidence rate and time indicating variable subsidence component controls across different timescales. Despite the spatial and temporal complexities, this dataset serves as the first regional baseline for deep‐seated subsidence rates across the northern GOM.  相似文献   

A high temperature superconductor notch filter for the Sardinia Radio Telescope     

Pietro Bolli  Luca Cresci  Frederick Huang  Sergio Mariotti  Dario Panella 《Experimental Astronomy》2018,45(2):165-176

A High Temperature Superconductor filter operating in the C-band between 4200 and 5600 MHz has been developed for one of the radio astronomical receivers of the Sardinia Radio Telescope. The motivation was to attenuate an interference from a weather radar at 5640 MHz, whose power level exceeds the linear region of the first active stages of the receiver. A very sharp transition after the nominal maximum passband frequency is reached by combining a 6th order band-pass filter with a 6th order stop-band. This solution is competitive with an alternative layout based on a cascaded triplet filter. Three units of the filter have been measured with two different calibration approaches to investigate pros and cons of each, and data repeatability. The final performance figures of the filters are: ohmic losses of the order of 0.15–0.25 dB, matching better than ?15 dB, and ?30 dB attenuation at 5640 MHz. Finally, a more accurate model of the connection between external connector and microstrip shows a better agreement between simulations and experimental data.  相似文献   

Characterizing a Faulted Aquifer by Field Testing and Numerical Simulation     

Diana M. Allenaan  Frederick A. Michel 《Ground water》1999,37(5):718-728

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Frederick C. Leonard: A history and personal recollections     

Frederick D. Leonard 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2018,53(3):359-374

As a child Frederick C. Leonard displayed such a precocious aptitude for astronomy that he became known as “Chicago's Boy Astronomer.” But within a decade after receiving his Ph.D., his interests had turned to meteorites. He persuaded Harvey Nininger to help him found the Society for Research on Meteorites, later renamed The Meteoritical Society, in 1933—a time when the study of meteorites was not considered a worthy pursuit of serious scientists. He nurtured the Society and held it together through the Great Depression, World War II, a destructive feud, and a significant personal and family crisis. He obtained legitimacy and affiliation for the Society with mainstream scientific organizations. He was its first President, and he was Editor of its publications from the Society's founding until a year before his death in 1960. Through it all he was a persistent advocate for the importance of the study of meteorites and the legitimacy of meteoritics as a valuable field of science.  相似文献   

Late Middle Pleistocene deposits at Norton Farm on the West Sussex coastal plain,southern England     

Martin R. Bates  C. Richard Bates  Philip L. Gibbard  Richard I. Macphail  Frederick J. Owen  Simon A. Parfitt  Richard C. Preece  Mark B. Roberts  J. Eric Robinson  John E. Whittaker  Keith N. Wilkinson 《第四纪科学杂志》2000,15(1):61-89

The coastal plain of West Sussex, southern England, is internationally important because of the sequence of discrete high‐sea‐level events preserved at various elevations across it. New evidence is presented from a site at Norton Farm, near Chichester, on the Lower Coastal Plain, where Pleistocene marine sands, fining upwards into silts, occur between 5.3 m and 9.1 m OD. The sequence reflects a regressive tendency at the transition from an interglacial to a cold stage. The marine sands have yielded foraminifera, ostracods and molluscs that indicate a declining marine influence through the sequence, culminating in a tidal mudflat, strongly weathered in places. Cool‐climate foraminifera (including Elphidium clavatum, Cassidulina reniformis and Elphidium albiumbilicatum) and ostracods have been recovered from the marine sands. Some species with an apparent preference for warmer water conditions, however, are also present. Freshwater taxa washed into the terminal marine sediments include some cold climate indicators, such as Pisidium stewarti and P. obtusale lapponicum. Additional evidence for cool climatic conditions during the deposition of the upper part of the marine sequence is provided by the lack of tree taxa in the pollen record and by features of the micromorphology. The marine sediments probably began accumulating during OIS 7, a conclusion based on their elevation, on amino acid ratios from shells, but especially on vertebrate evidence, particularly the presence of a small form of horse, together with a large, distinctive, form of northern vole (Microtus oeconomus). The occurrence of cool climate indicators in these marine sediments may demonstrate a lag between the climatic deterioration and the expected glacio‐eustatic fall in relative sea‐level. This evidence appears to support the conclusions drawn from the study of coral terraces in Barbados. Such a scenario would provide the conditions necessary for the emplacement of the large erratic boulders reported from the Lower Coastal Plain of West Sussex. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Accounting for correlation among environmental covariates improves delineation of extrapolation suitability index for agronomic technological packages     

Francis Kamau Muthoni  Frederick Baijukya  Mateete Bekunda  Haroon Sseguya  Anthony Kimaro  Tunrayo Alabi 《国际地球制图》2019,34(4):368-390

This paper generates an extrapolation suitability index (ESI) to guide scaling-out of improved maize varieties and inorganic fertilizers. The best-bet technology packages were selected based on yield gap data from trial sites in Tanzania. A modified extrapolation detection algorithm was used to generate maps on two types of dissimilarities between environmental conditions at the reference sites and the outlying projection domain. The two dissimilarity maps were intersected to generate ESI. Accounting for correlation structure among covariates improved estimate of risk of extrapolating technologies. The covariate that highly limited the suitability of specific technology package in each pixel was identified. The impact based spatial targeting index (IBSTI) identified zones that should be prioritized to maximize the potential impacts of scaling-out technology packages. The proposed indices will guide extension agencies in targeting technology packages to suitable environments with high potential impact to increase probability of adoption and reduce risk of failure.  相似文献