Results of TV imaging of Phobos (Experiment VSK-Fregat)     

Avanesov G  Zhukov B  Ziman YA  Kostenko V  Kuzmin A  Murav'ev V  Fedotov V  Bonev B  Mishev D  Petkov D  Krumov A  Simeonov S  Boycheva V  Uzunov YU  Weide GG  Halmann D  Pössel W  Head J  Murchie S  Schkuratov YuG  Berghänel R  Danz M  Mangoldt T  Pihan U  Smith B 《Planetary and Space Science》1991,39(1-2):281-295

From February to March 1989 the Phobos 2 spacecraft took 37 TV images of Phobos at a distance of 190-1100 km. These images complement Mariner-9 and Viking data by providing higher-resolution coverage of a large region West of the crater Stickney (40-160 degrees W) and by providing disk-resolved measurements of surface brightness at a greater range of wavelengths and additional phase angles. These images have supported updated mapping and characterization of large craters and grooves, and have provided additional observations of craters' and grooves' bright rims. Variations in surface visible/near-infrared color ratio of almost a factor of 2 have been recognized; these variations appear to be associated with the ejecta of specific large impact craters. Updated determinations of satellite mass and volume allow calculation of a more accurate value of bulk density, 1.90 +/- 0.1 g cm-3. This is significantly lower than the density of meteoritic analogs to Phobos' surface, suggesting a porous interior perhaps containing interstitial ice.  相似文献   

Selenium contamination in the Colorado River Basin, western USA： Remediation by leaching and nanof＇dtration membranes     

YousifK. Kharaka Evangelos G. Kakouros James J. Thordsen David L. Naftz 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):100-101

Selenium （Se） is an essential micronutrient to biota, but can become a potent toxicant at elevated concentrations. The natural sources and chemical properties of Se species make the boundary between deficiency and toxicity narrow for some biota, with both phenomena common around the globe. Large areas of farmland in the Colorado River Basin （CRB） generate salinized drainage water with Se concentrations much higher than 5 μg/L, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency chronic water-quality criterion for the protection of aquatic life. We have carried out detailed field and laboratory studies to investigate Se geochemistry and remediation in two of these areas： the Middle Green River Basin, Utah and the Salton Sea Basin, California, located respectively in the Upper and Lower CRB. Results from these and other studies show that approximately 90% of the dissolved Se in the Colorado River and its tributaries originally is derived from the Upper Cretaceous Mancos Shale and equivalent pyritic marine units that outcrop in the Upper CRB. Selenium is mobilized commonly by biogeochemical oxidation of this pyritic shale and is concentrated mainly as selenate （SeO4^2-） in soils and agricultural drainage water of dry climates by evaporation. Minor （0%-5%） amounts of Se are present as the selenite species （HSeO3^-） and （SEO3^2-）, but these species and the more reduced species, elemental Se （SeO） and selenide （Se^2-）, have much lower solubility and/or have high sorptive affinity towards organic matter, clay minerals and iron oxyhydroxides. The concentration of dissolved Se （-2.5 μg/L） and salinity in the Lower Colorado River water are among the highest of the world major rivers. Because of low precipitation （7 cm/a） and extreme evapotranspiration （-1.8 m/a） rates in the Salton Sea Basin, California, Se values in irrigation water imported from the Colorado River increase to 〉300 μg/L in drainage wastewater. Removal of Se from contaminated wastewater by nanofiltration membranes was demonstrated in laboratory and pilot-scale field experiments.  相似文献   

Associations and mobility of uranium in soils near a depleted uranium （DU） weapons testing site, SW Scotland     

Margaret C. Graham John G. Farmer Ian W. Oliver Angus B. MacKenzie Robert M. Ellam 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):112-112

Natural uranium has three isotopes, ^238U, ^235U and ^234U, with natural abundances of 99.27 atom %, 0.72% and 0.0055%, respectively. Only ^235U is fissile and the production of nuclear fuel and nuclear weapons involves enrichment of uranium in ^235U. This process also results in separation of ^234U from ^238U, leaving depleted uranium （DU）, with typical ^234U/^238U and ^235U/^238U activity ratios of about 0.19 and 0.013, respectively, as a waste product. The high density, high melting and boiling points and chemical stability of uranium and the availability of DU in relatively pure form mean that DU has many uses, including armour-piercing munitions. Such munitions have been developed in the UK since the 1960s and testing has been carried out by the Ministry of Defence （MoD） at firing ranges such as Dundrennan, SW Scotland and Eskmeals, NW England. The firing of DU munitions can result in the dispersion of DU and its combustion products （oxides） as aerosols or as larger fragments, with the potential for human exposure either directly at the site of detonation or via post-depositional migration in the environment. The aim of this work was to investigate the potential environmental mobility of DU by characterizing the associations of U in soil porewaters with increasing distance from a firing site. To this end, several soil cores located down-wind of the firing site at Dundrennan, near Kirkcudbright, SW Scotland, were collected in May 2006. These were sectioned on-site into 1- or 2-cm depth intervals and porewaters were isolated by centfifugation （10 minutes; 8873 g） on return to the laboratory. Following filtration through 0.2-micron cellulose nitrate filters, the porewaters were analyzed by ICP-QMS （U concentration） and ICP-OES （Fe, Al, Ca, Mg, Mn concentrations）. Sub-samples were also subjected to centrifugal ultrafiltration （100, 30, and 3 kD） and to gel electrophoretic fractionation （agarose; 0.045 M Tris-borate; 20 mA, 30 minutes）. Results showed that U was present at up to 4 μg/L in the soil porewater and that the associations of U varied with sample location and soil depth.  相似文献   

Factors controlling the spatial and temporal variability of dust emissions     

John A. Gillies William G. Nickling Vicken Etyemezian James King Mark Sweeney 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):219-220

New field measurement techniques are allowing researchers to better understand how surficial properties affect the temporal and spatial variability of dust emissions. In this paper we review the current understanding of the dust emission process and present new field measurements that examine how three surface properties： roughness, crust strength, and temporal changes of surface properties affect dust emissions. These data were collected using three unique measurement systems developed by our team. Roughness exerts considerable control on the entrainment threshold and emissions of dust from a surface. We have carried out a series of experiments designed to quantify roughness effects on aeolian sediment entrainment and transport in a shear stress partitioning framework. Our results show that the model of Raupach et al. （1993） provides very good agreement with available data to predict the amount of shearing stress on the intervening surface among roughness elements, relatively independent of their size and distribution. However, element size affects the aeolian sediment transport process beyond that attributable only to the reduction of surface shear stress caused by the roughness. Additional interactions of the elements with the saltation cloud appear to reduce the transport efficiency and potentially dust emissions as well. The effect of crust strength on dust emissions was assessed using a newly-developed pin penetrometer, which can measure crust strength in-situ. Previous researchers suggested that variation in crust strength even within a small area could lead to considerable spatial variability in dust emissions. Our measurements showed that crust strength is highly variable over a scale of centimeters. This variability may help to explain some of the observed scatter in field measurements of dust emissions for what appear to be homogeneous surfaces. Variability of dust emissions in time and space was also evaluated using a new instrument, the Portable In-Situ Wind Erosion Lab （PI-SWERL） developed to measure dust emissions from soil surfaces.  相似文献   

Naturally acidic and metalliferous waters at unmined volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits in the Bonnifield mining district, Alaska Range, east-central Alaska     

Robert G. Eppinger Paul H. Briggs Cynthia Dusel-Bacon Stuart A. Giles Larry P. Gough Jane M.Hammarstrom Bernard E. Hubbard 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):232-232

The Bonnifield district hosts 26 tmmined volcanogenic massive sulfide （VMS） occurrences. Environmental geochemical samples of water and stream sediment were collected at several occurrences, concentrating on the two best-exposed and largest deposits, Red Mountain （RM） and Sheep Creek （SC）. Limited samples were also collected at the poorly exposed WTF deposit. The deposits are Late Devonian to Early Mississippian, and are hosted by felsic metavolcanic and carbonaceous schist members of the Totatlanika Schist or Keevy Peak Fm. Spring and stream waters at RM and SC have pH values commonly 〈3.5 （as low as 2.4 at RM and 2.5 at SC）, high conductivity （up to 11000 μS/cm）, and very high （Is to 100s mg/L） dissolved contents of Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Pb. Waters at RM are characterized by extremely high REE contents （summed REE median 3200 μg/L, n=33）. At both RM and SC, pyrite oxidation and dissolution produce low pH waters that interact with and dissolve bedrock minerals, resulting in acidic, metal-laden, naturally degraded streams that are mostly devoid of aquatic life. Ferricrete is common. In contrast, WTF barely produces a surficial environmental footprint, mostly due to topography and relief. RM and SC are well exposed in the areas of relatively high relief, and both exhibit extensive areas of quartz-sericite-pyrite-alteration. While WTF shares many of the same deposit-and alteration characteristics, it is concealed by tundra in a large, nearly flat area. Surface water at WTF is absent and outcrops are sparse. Even though WTF is roughly the same size as Red Mountain （both around 3 million tonnes） and has similar base- and precious-metal grades, the surficial geochemical manifestation of WTF is minimal. However, exposure through mining of the altered, mineralized rock at WTF potentially could initiate the same processes of pyrite oxidation, acid generation, and mineral dissolution that are observed naturally at RM and SC.  相似文献   

变质核杂岩的定义、类型及构造背景     

G.  A.  Davis  郑亚东 《地质通报》2002,(5)

伸展变质核杂岩(mcc)的基本特征包括:(1)缓倾至中等倾角的具有大规模位移的(几十千米)区域至准区域性延伸的主拆离断层;(2)与断层相关的糜棱片岩和片麻岩下盘(包括可能出露更深层次的非糜棱化结晶岩);(3)上盘上地壳基底岩和/或表壳岩层.关键的一点是,所有变质核杂岩是沿地壳深部(大于10～15 km)大型拆离断层大规模地壳伸展和地壳切除(缺失)的产物.我们认为,地壳剖面无大规模缺失的以基底为核的穹隆状杂岩不是一般构造定义上公认的变质核杂岩.变质核杂岩形成于同缩短期和缩短期后的多种构造环境中.由于前期或同期的缩短作用,变质核杂岩似乎都发育在地壳强烈增厚的区域.绝大多数(但显然并非全部)变质核杂岩都与岩浆作用有密切的时空关系.变质核杂岩起控制作用的拆离断层一般生根于中地壳或直接位于石英变为晶质塑性的韧脆性转化带下的深处,但有些拆离断层切穿大部或整个地壳.大多数变质核杂岩总体上具有不对称或简单剪切的构造几何特征,但有些变质核杂岩呈现较为对称的边界拆离断层.  相似文献   

电离层水平不均匀性对无线电掩星资料反演的影响   总被引：2，自引：4，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

张训械  曾桢  胡雄  Per Hoeg  G.B.Larsen  B.S.Martin  C.R.Jakob 《地球物理学报》2002,45(Z1):24-29

电离层水平不均匀结构是引起掩星资料反演的主要误差源.本文模拟不均匀结构对无线电掩星资料反演的影响.首先利用3-D全球射线追踪技术进行了模拟.结果指出:电离层电子密度20%的变化可能引起GPS的时延增加约12m.其次,将90%的掩星时延对应的路径长度,定义为电离层掩星测量的水平分辨率,其值为1200-2000 km.最后,计算了不同纬度电离层当地正午、子夜和日出时的电离层水平不对称指数.它表明:低纬夏季日出时,不对称指数达-78%,反演结果可能有较大误差.  相似文献   

西加拿大盆地彩虹地区中泥盆统生物礁油藏的地球化学特征及其石油地质意义     

谌卓恒  黎茂稳  Kirk G.Osadetz 《海相油气地质》2003,8(1):47-56

彩虹地区存在两类烃源岩，一类形成于深水高盐蒸发环境，另一类形成于较浅水碳酸盐环境。采用多元统计方法对本区来自不同油蘸的26个油样的地球化学特征进行分析，并研究其空间变化规律及其与地质控制因素的关系。研究结果表明该地区油样成分特征和空间展布的两分性明显。油样成分两分主要是由于母源的差别所致。而油气特征在空间上的两分则可能反映盆地演化过程中构造作用对沉积环境和礁体空间展布的控制。礁间盐层的存在限制礁体间的横向连通性。石油就近聚集的结果导致在空间上原油特征沿袭了母岩的分布特点。  相似文献   

泥盆纪最早期牙形刺带化石在蒙古南戈壁幕使盖(Mushgai)地区"尕屋(Gavuu)"段的首次发现     

王成源  Ziegler W  Minjin Ch  Sersmaa G  Munchtsetseg J  Gereltsetseg L  Nadya I 《世界地质》2003,22(1):15-20

在蒙古南戈壁的Bayan—Khoshuu Ruins剖面原归入到志留系Mandalovoo组尕屋(Gavuu)段的地层中发现了牙形刺Caudicriodus woschimidti woschmidti，这是泥盆纪最早期牙形刺带化石在蒙古的首次发现。尕屋(Gavuu)段的下部属志留系，但其上部，即采集牙形刺样品M-9～M-12的层位肯定属下泥盆统(下洛霍考夫阶)，而不是下志留统。Mandalovoo组应当改为Mandalovoo群，它的三个段应提升为三个组。  相似文献   

DEVELOPMENT OF A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR MANAGING PESTICIDE LOSSES IN AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS     

Y.-F.LI  Y.R.LI  G.H.HUANG  J.STRUGER  J.D.FISCHER  B.CHEN  J.B.LI  X.H.NIE 《国际泥沙研究》2003,18(1)

1 INTRODUCTION Agricultural use of pesticides has been recognized as one of the important non-point pollution sources in the world, and the pesticide application to agricultural lands has led to large amounts of residues discharged into surface water through runoff (Leonard, 1990). There have been growing concerns about the fate and transport of pesticides in agricultural lands, due to the associated adverse impacts on water environment and human health (Agassi et al., 1995; Ng and Clegg…  相似文献