Noise in pressure transducer readings produced by variations in solar radiation     

Cain SF  Davis GA  Loheide SP  Butler JJ 《Ground water》2004,42(6-7):939-944

Variations in solar radiation can produce noise in readings from gauge pressure transducers when the transducer cable is exposed to direct sunlight. This noise is a result of insolation-induced heating and cooling of the air column in the vent tube of the transducer cable. A controlled experiment was performed to assess the impact of variations in solar radiation on transducer readings. This experiment demonstrated that insolation-induced fluctuations in apparent pressure head can be as large as 0.03 m. The magnitude of these fluctuations is dependent on cable color, the diameter of the vent tube, and the length of the transducer cable. The most effective means of minimizing insolation-induced noise is to use integrated transducer-data logger units that fit within a well. Failure to address this source of noise can introduce considerable uncertainty into analyses of hydraulic tests when the head change is relatively small, as is often the case for tests in highly permeable aquifers or for tests using distant observation wells.  相似文献   

黑潮海域海洋异常加热时后期北半球大气环流影响的分析   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

赵永平 McBe.  GA 《海洋与湖沼》1996,27(3):246-250

计算了黑潮海域海洋异常加热与后期１－１２个月北半球大气环流的时滞相关，分析了二者的相关关系。结果表明，海洋异常加热对后期半年到一年北半球大气环流场有重要影响，当黑潮海域海洋异常多加热时，后期半球范围内大气环流的经向度将趋减小，反之则趋加强，在分析相关演变的基础上，讨论了上述时滞关系的可能物理过程，指出黑潮海域海洋异常加热对后期下游大气环流型的影响，是通过改变中纬大气与高纬极地大气之间温度和位势高度  相似文献   

An isotopic biogeochemical study of Neoproterozoic and Early Cambrian sediments from the Centralian Superbasin, Australia   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Logan GA  Summons RE  Hayes JM 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1997,61(24):5391-5409

Organic matter from Neoproterozoic and Early Cambrian sediments of the Amadeus and Officer basins of the Centralian Superbasin, Australia, has been studied for biomarker distributions and the carbon isotopic compositions of kerogen and individual hydrocarbons. These sediments represent both shallow and deep water marine facies in the older sections and marine and saline lacustrine carbonate deposits in the Cambrian. Hydrocarbon biomarker patterns were found to be quite consistent with the known sedimentary environments and provide valuable insights into the biogeochemical changes which accompanied the transition from a microbially-dominated ocean to the early stages of metazoan radiation. In particular, carbon isotopic data for n-alkyl and isoprenoid lipids presented here, and in earlier studies, showed a reversal in carbon isotopic ordering between the Proterozoic and Phanerozoic. By comparison with the delta 13C of kerogen, n-alkyl lipids from deep-water Proterozoic sediments were enriched in 13C and appear to be derived mainly from heterotrophs whilst open marine Phanerozoic counterparts are 13C depleted and evidently derived mainly from autotrophs. Data from the samples studied here are consistent with a model invoking a change in the redox structure of the ocean, possibly aided by the innovation of faecal pellets.  相似文献   

A line survey of Orion KL from 325 to 360 GHz     

Schilke P  Groesbeck TD  Blake GA  Phillips TG 《The Astrophysical journal. Supplement series》1997,108(1):301-337

We present a high-sensitivity spectral line survey of the high-mass star-forming region Orion KL in the 325-360 GHz frequency band. The survey was conducted at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. The sensitivity achieved is typically 0.1-0.5 K and is limited mostly by the sideband separation method utilized. We find 717 resolvable features consisting of 1004 lines, among which 60 are unidentified. The identified lines are due to 34 species and various isotopomers. Most of the unidentified lines are weak, and many of them most likely due to isotopomers or vibrationally or torsionally excited states of known species with unknown line frequencies, but a few reach the 2-5 K level. No new species have been identified, but we were able to strengthen evidence for the identification of ethanol in Orion and found the first nitrogen sulfide line in this source. The molecule dominating the integrated line emission is S02, which emits twice the intensity of CO, followed by SO, which is only slightly stronger than CO. In contrast, the largest number of lines is emitted from heavy organic rotors like HCOOCH3, CH3CH2CN, and CH3OCH3, but their contribution to the total flux is unimportant. CH3OH is also very prominent, both in the number of lines and in integrated flux. An interesting detail of this survey is the first detection of vibrationally excited HCN in the v2 = 2 state, 2000 K above ground. Clearly this is a glimpse into the very inner part of the Orion hot core.  相似文献   

强雷暴环境的客观预报：决策树与区域业务数值天气预报模式     

Mills  GA 廖晓农 《气象科技》1999,(4):14-24

澳大利亚区域业务数值天气预报模式的输出产品已被用作为热力学和动力学场输入到决策树中,该决策树用于诊断雷暴产生的可能性以及产生雷暴的环境是否会进一步导致强雷暴、超级单体或龙卷超级单体雷暴的发生。在所描述的强天气观测的目标个例中,系统成功地识别了强雷暴而且大致区分出龙卷和非龙卷事件。研究结果表明:当与区域数值天气预报模式相结合时,Colquhoun 的雷暴决策树有能力为雷暴区、强雷暴、龙卷雷暴区的预报以及判断这些雷暴是否可能伴有暴洪、下击暴流、强风等提供指导。强天气目标个例研究的结果表明:就所观测的强天气的位置及类型而言,上述方法的准确度很高。如果这些结果能够重现于业务实践中,该系统将对预报人员十分有益。33 天的试验结果表明:虽然根据公认的相当宽松的主观判据确定的错误报警数量相对较低以及预报准确的数目相对较高,但过多的空间超报使得个例研究的结果并未出现。这些结果表明:决策树系统可以提供一个有用的警报系统,该系统构成澳大利亚业务工作中确定雷暴监视区的基础。  相似文献   

Changes in the functions of Soviet cities with growth     

Gornostayeva GA 《Soviet geography》1984,25(7):481-488

"A sample of Soviet cities (the largest 100 cities in the RSFSR) is used to develop a model relating city size, city function and the city's force of attraction (in-migration rates)....[It is found that] city growth...is accompanied by a change in functional structure and an increase in the importance of some functions at the expense of others....A change in functional structure, in turn, produces a change in the city's force of attraction, resulting in either an increase or a decline of in-migration."  相似文献   

Effects of naphthalene and phenanthrene on visual and prey capture endpoints during early stages of the dourado Salminus brasiliensis     

Carvalho PS  Kalil Dda C  Novelli GA  Bainy AC  Fraga AP 《Marine environmental research》2008,66(1):205-207

Naphthalene (NAP) and phenanthrene (PHE) effects on Salminus brasiliensis, a carnivorous freshwater fish, were investigated using behavioral tests. Larval stages of S. brasiliensis were exposed to water concentrations of 0, 0.04 mg/l, 0.20mg/l and 0.50mg/l for naphthalene and 0, 0.01 mg/l, 0.05 mg/l and 0.1mg/l for phenanthrene during two developmental phases. The prey fish Prochilodus lineatus were not exposed. Visual acuity was measured at the end of phase 2 in individual S. brasiliensis, which were also tested at the end of each phase for number of attacks on prey, number of prey captured, prey capture efficiency, and distance swam. Vision was impaired by PHE exposure, as acuity angles increased in exposed fish. At Stage I 2.3+/-1.2 prey were captured with 46% efficiency in controls compared to 0.4+/-0.3 prey captured with 13.4% efficiency in fish exposed to 0.05 mg PHEl(-1), the LOEL for both endpoints. At Stage II 4.0+/-1.1 preys were captured in controls compared to 2.5+/-0.9 preys captured in fish exposed to 0.01 mg PHEl(-1), the LOEL. Stage II control fish captured prey with 70% efficiency compared to 30% efficiency at Stage II fish exposed to 0.05 mg PHEl(-1), the LOEL. Distance swam was not affected by either NAP or PHE exposure. The exposure of larval stages of S. brasiliensis to realistic water concentrations of PHE impairs foraging skills and could affect recruitment of the species.  相似文献   

Chronic oil pollution harms Magellanic penguins in the Southwest Atlantic     

García-Borboroglu P  Boersma PD  Ruoppolo V  Reyes L  Rebstock GA  Griot K  Rodrigues Heredia S  Adornes AC  da Silva RP 《Marine pollution bulletin》2006,52(2):193-198

Petroleum pollution is a problem for seabirds along the Southwest Atlantic coast. Twenty-five groups from Salvador, Brazil (12 degrees 58'S) to San Antonio Oeste, Argentina (40 degrees 43'S) survey or rehabilitate sick or oiled seabirds. Four groups, one each in Brazil and Uruguay, and two in Argentina, kept counts of birds found alive and in need of rehabilitation. An average of 63.7% of the seabirds found were Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus), with 3869 reported since 1987. Mainly adult penguins were found in Argentina (1605 of 2102 penguins of known age class) and Uruguay (158 of 197). Juveniles were most common in Brazil (234 of 325). Oil fouling was the most frequent cause of injury or sickness. The number of oiled penguins reported in their wintering range has greatly increased since the early 1990s and is strongly correlated with petroleum exports from Argentina. Our results show that chronic petroleum pollution is a problem for wildlife from Southern Brazil through Northern Argentina, and regulations and enforcement are failing to protect living resources.  相似文献   

The meaning of the 'impact factor' in the case of an open-access journal     

Alexandrov GA 《Carbon balance and management》2011,6(1):1

The dominant model of journal evaluation emerged at the time when there were no open-access journals, and nobody has assessed yet whether this model is able to cope with this modern reality. This commentary attempts to fill the gaps in the common understanding of the role that 'impact factor' should play in evaluation of open-access journals.  相似文献   

Characteristics of Drought and Flood in Zhejiang Province, East China： Past and Future     

FENG Lihua  HONG Weihu 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2007,17(3):257-264

On the basis of large amount of historical and measured data,this paper analyzed the regional,periodic,frequency,continuing,and response characteristics of droughts and floods in Zhejiang and proposed the conception of ratio of peak runoff.Main characteristics of droughts and floods in Zhejiang are as follows:1)The western Zhejiang region is plum rain major control area,and the eastern coastal region of Zhejiang is typhoon major control area.2)Within a long period in the future,Zhejiang will be in the long period that features droughts.3)In Zhejiang the 17th century was frequent drought and flood period,the 16th,19th,and 20th centuries were normal periods,while the 18th century was spasmodic drought and flood period.4)The severe and medium floods in Zhejiang were all centered around the M-or m-year of the 11-year sunspot activity period.5)There are biggish years of annual runoff occurred in El Ni?o year(E)or the following year(E 1)in Zhejiang.The near future evolution trend of droughts and floods in Zhejiang is as follows:1)Within a relatively long period in the future,Zhejiang Province will be in the long period of mostly drought years.2)Between 1999 and 2009 this area will feature drought years mainly,while the period of 2010-2020 will feature flood years mostly.3)Zhejiang has a good response to the sunspot activities,and the years around 2009,2015,and 2020 must be given due attention,especially around 2020 there might be an extremely severe flood year in Zhejiang.4)Floods in Zhejiang have good response to El Ni?o events,in El Ni?o year or the following year much attention must be paid to.And 5)In the future,the first,second,and third severe typhoon years in Zhejiang will be 2009,2012,and 2015,respectively.  相似文献