Variability of precipitation and temperature in Guanajuato,Mexico     

B.S. Barrett  M.I. Esquivel Longoria 《Atmósfera》2013,26(4):521-536

Variability of precipitation and temperature was examined on multiple time scales using data from five surface observing stations in the center of Guanajuato state, Mexico, as well as gridded data from the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR). Frequency of days with total precipitation exceeding the 90th percentile was not found to have increased from 1979-2011. However, frequency of days with maximum temperature above the 90th percentile more than doubled from 1979-2011, and frequency of days with maximum temperature below the 10th percentile decreased by almost half over the same period, an important result given the scarcity of water resources for the agriculture-based economy. Precipitation within the growing season was found to vary by phase of the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO), with MJO phases 1-3 associated with above-normal rainfall and MJO phases 4-7 with normal or below normal rainfall. Composite anomalies of precipitation, surface pressure, surface wind, surface temperature, and 700 mbar height showed that days with rainfall in Guanajuato were associated with on-shore, upslope flow, reduced surface temperatures, and reduced potential evaporation. Composites for MJO phases 1-3 and 8 agreed well with these anomalies. Similarly, composite anomalies for days without rainfall in Guanajuato showed warm surface temperatures, broad anticyclonic flow over much of northern Mexico, and enhanced potential evaporation. Composites for MJO phases 4-7 agreed well with these anomalies.  相似文献   

Estimation and evaluation of hourly updated global GPS Zenith Total Delays over ten months   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Jan Dousa  Gemma V. Bennitt 《GPS Solutions》2013,17(4):453-464

The EUMETNET EIG GNSS Water Vapour Programme (E-GVAP) is responsible for the coordination of near real time GPS Zenith Total Delay (ZTD) production in Europe and for aiding the development of ZTD assimilation into Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models. Since 2000, the Geodetic Observatory Pecný (GOP) has been routinely estimating regional ZTDs in near real time. In 2010, GOP developed a modified processing system in order to provide the first optimal and robust ZTD solution with a global scope and hourly upgrade, fulfilling the requirements for assimilation into operational NWP models. Since July 2010, the GOP global tropospheric product has consisted of about 90 sites and has contributed routinely in a testing mode into the E-GVAP database. Global near real time ZTDs generated over ten months have been evaluated with respect to IGS and EUREF routine post-processed ZTD products, ZTDs integrated from radiosonde profiles, and ZTDs calculated from the Met Office global NWP model. Comparison with the GNSS post-processed solutions gives standard deviations of 3–6 mm in ZTD and biases of 1–2 mm, which is comparable to GOP regional near real time solution, however, for some isolated or low data quality stations up to 20 % quality decrease can be found. Comparison with NWP shows a latitudinal trend in the standard deviation with values as low as 4 mm at high latitudes, increasing to almost 20 mm in the tropics, and a lack of variability in the model background ZTD in the tropics. The evaluation with global radiosondes gives ZTD standard deviation of 5–16 mm, which is comparable with previous studies in European scope. Since the 10-month comparison gave satisfactory results, GOP was asked by UK Met Office to disseminate the global product to the end users via the Global Telecommunications System. Since 10 October 2011, the GOP global ZTD product configuration has been extended to about 164 global stations and still processed within 10 min. However, in GOP routine contribution to E-GVAP, about 124 stations are available in general due to hourly data latency above 30 min or data gaps.  相似文献   

Reply to Discussion of “Perceptual models of uncertainty for socio-hydrological systems: a flood risk change example”*     

Ida K. Westerberg  Giuliano Di Baldassarre  Keith J. Beven  Gemma Coxon  Tobias Krueger 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(13-14):2001-2003

ABSTRACT

Ertsen discusses the representation of reality and uncertainty in our paper, raising three critical points. In response to the first, we agree that discussion of different interpretations of the concept of uncertainty is important when developing perceptual models – making different uncertainty interpretations explicit was a key motivation behind our method. Secondly, we do not, as Ertsen suggests, deny anyone who is not a “certified” scientist to have relevant knowledge. The elicitation of diverse views by discussing perceptual models is a basis for open discussion and decision making. Thirdly, Ertsen suggests that it is not useful to treat socio-hydrological systems as if they exist. We argue that we act as “pragmatic realists” in most practical applications by treating socio-hydrological systems as an external reality that can be known. But the uncertainty that arises from our knowledge limitations needs to be recognized, as it may impact on practical decision making and associated costs.  相似文献   

Status of black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla), common guillemots (Uria aalge) and Brünnich's guillemots (U. lomvia) in Murman, north-west Russia, and Varanger, north-east Norway     

Yuri V. Krasnov  Robert T. Barrett  & Natalie G. Nikolaeva 《Polar research》2007,26(2):113-117

  相似文献   

Esterification of vertebrate-like steroids in the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica)     

Gemma Janer  Sonia Mesia-Vela  Margy L. Wintermyer  Keith R. Cooper  Fred C. Kauffman  Cinta Porte 《Marine environmental research》2004,58(2-5):481

The esterification of two model vertebrate steroid hormones – estradiol (E2) and dehidroepiandrosterone (DHEA) – was studied in the oyster Crassostrea virginica. The activity of acyl-CoA:steroid acyltransferase was characterized in microsomal fractions isolated from oyster digestive glands. The apparent K_m and V_max values changed with the fatty acid acyl-CoA used (C20:4, C18:2, C18:1, C16:1, C18:0 or C16:0), and were in the range of 9–17 μM, and 35–74 pmol/min/mg protein for E2, and in the range of 45–120 μM, and 30–182 pmol/min/mg protein for DHEA. Kinetic parameters were also assessed in gonadal tissue. The enzyme saturated at similar concentrations, although conjugation rates were lower than in digestive gland. Preliminary data shows that tributyltin (TBT) in the low μM range (1–50) strongly inhibits E2 and DHEA esterification, the esterification of E2 being more sensitive to inhibition than that of DHEA. Overall, results indicate that apolar conjugation occurs in oysters, in both digestive gland and gonads, at a very similar rate to mammals, suggesting that this is a well conserved conjugation pathway during evolution. Esterification, together with other mechanisms, can modulate endogenous steroid levels in C. virginica, and might be a target for endocrine disrupters, such as TBT.  相似文献   

Diet studies of seabirds: a review and recommendations   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

Barrett  Robert T.; Camphuysen  Kees ; Anker-Nilssen  Tycho; Chardine  John W.; Furness  Robert W.; Garthe  Stefan; Huppop  Ommo; Leopold  Mardik F.; Montevecchi  William A.; Veit  Richard R. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2007,64(9):1675-1691

  相似文献   

Potentialities and problems of satellite remote sensing with special reference to arid and semiarid regions     

Eric C. Barrett  Michael G. Hamilton 《Climatic change》1986,9(1-2):167-186

Although satellite remote sensing of the atmosphere and Earth's surface has been pursued now for many years, it has not been applied widely in detailed or systematic investigations of the atmospheric and land surface climates of arid and semiarid regions. This paper briefly surveys characteristics of satellite systems that should be considered when evaluating the present and potential roles of satellite remote sensing in arid and semiarid zone research, and in studies of desertification. Actual and potential applications of satellite data in these research areas are then reviewed. It is concluded that satellite data available for arid and semiarid areas have been used in a very fragmentary and unsystematic manner. Proposals are made for exploiting more fully satellite data, especially in investigations of desertification.  相似文献   

The Pb isotopic composition of Jurassic cherts overlying ophiolites in the North Apennines,Italy     

T.J. Barrett 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1980,49(2):193-204

In the Mesozoic eugeosynclinal sequences of the Italian North Apennines, ophiolitic rocks are commonly stratigraphically overlain by thick bedded chert sequences of Late Jurassic age. The isotopic composition of Pb contained in upper basalts, lower ferruginous (and in places manganiferous) cherts, middle cherts and upper cherts indicates that simple mixing occurred in the sediments between basalt-derived Pb, and more radiogenic Pb provided by fine-grained terrigenous detritus, radiolarian silica and possibly seawater.The most ferruginous cherts are those nearest the ophiolitic basement, which is interpreted as ocean crust formed early in the opening of the Apennine ocean. Hematite content, considered to represent original Fe hydroxy-oxide chemical precipitate in the sediment, decreases upwards in a general way to very low values in the upper cherts. The most ferruginous cherts also contain the highest volcanogenic Pb component and total Pb, whereas higher cherts contain mainly terrestrially-derived Pb. These relations indicate a volcanic-hydrothermal origin for a significant portion of the Pb in the basal to middle parts of the chert formation, and suggest a similar origin for the hematitic Fe. The vertical distribution of hematite and volcanogenic Pb suggests that some initial Fe precipitates, carrying such Pb, had a widespread lateral dispersal after formation at an active ridge.  相似文献   

A Textural Record of Solidification and Cooling in the Skaergaard Intrusion, East Greenland   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Holness  Marian B.; Tegner  Christian; Nielsen  Troels F. D.; Stripp  Gemma; Morse  Stearns A. 《Journal of Petrology》2007,48(12):2359-2377

The clinopyroxene–plagioclase–plagioclase dihedralangle, _cpp, in gabbroic cumulates records the time-integratedthermal history in the sub-solidus and provides a measure oftextural maturity. Variations in _cpp through the Layered Seriesof the Skaergaard intrusion, East Greenland, demonstrate thatthe onset of crystallization of clinopyroxene (within LZa),Fe–Ti oxides (at the base of LZc) and apatite (at thebase of UZb) as liquidus phases in the bulk magma is recordedby a stepwise increase in textural maturity, related to an increasein the contribution of latent heat to the total heat loss tothe surroundings and a reduction in the specific cooling rateat the crystallization front of the intrusion. The onset ofboth liquidus Fe–Ti oxide and apatite crystallizationis marked by a transient increase in textural maturity, probablylinked to overstepping before nucleation. Textural maturationat pyroxene–plagioclase–plagioclase triple junctionseffectively ceases in the uppermost parts of the Layered Seriesas a result of the entire pluton cooling below the closure temperaturefor dihedral angle change, which is 1075°C. Solidificationof the Layered Series of the Skaergaard intrusion occurred viathe upwards propagation of a mush zone only a few metres thick. KEY WORDS: magma; partial melting; asthenosphere; olivine; mantle  相似文献   

On board short-time high temperature heat treatment of ballast water: a field trial under operational conditions   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

Quilez-Badia G  McCollin T  Josefsen KD  Vourdachas A  Gill ME  Mesbahi E  Frid CL 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,56(1):127-135

A ballast water short-time high temperature heat treatment technique was applied on board a car-carrier during a voyage from Egypt to Belgium. Ballast water from three tanks was subjected for a few seconds to temperatures ranging from 55 degrees C to 80 degrees C. The water was heated using the vessel's heat exchanger steam and a second heat exchanger was used to pre-heat and cool down the water. The treatment was effective at causing mortality of bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) standard was not agreed before this study was carried out, but comparing our results gives a broad indication that the IMO standard would have been met in some of the tests for the zooplankton, in all the tests for the phytoplankton; and probably on most occasions for the bacteria. Passing the water through the pump increased the kill rate but increasing the temperature above 55 degrees C did not improve the heat treatment's efficacy.  相似文献