Gravitative Denudation von unter geringer Bedeckung gebildeten Strukturen     

Georg Knetsch 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1959,46(2):557-563

Zusammenfassung Einige durch Abgleiten von ungestützten Flankenpartien einer nahe der Oberfläche gefalteten Antikline im östlichen Irak entstandene Erscheinungen werden beschrieben. Unter Hinweis auf rein gravitativen Abbau von geologischen Einheiten, die im Verlaufe ihrer eigenen Entwicklung oder durch Vorgänge in ihrer Umgebung instabil werden, wird die Vermutung ausgesprochen, daß auch bogenförmige Buchten an der NO-afrikanischen Mittelmeerküste gravitativ, d. h. durch an der Grenze des eigentlichen tektonischen Bereichs stehende, sehr ausgedehnte Rutschungsvorgänge, während eustatischer Spiegelabsenkungen des Mittelmeers entstanden sein können. Es wird vorgeschlagen, in solchen Fällen den Ausdruck Kollaps-Struktur durch Gravitative Denudation zu ersetzen.  相似文献   

Current status of Andean glaciers   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Gino Casassa  Wilfried Haeberli  Gerry Jones  Georg Kaser  Pierre Ribstein  Andrs Rivera  Christoph Schneider 《Global and Planetary Change》2007,59(1-4):1

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Mining-Induced Stress Transfer and Its Relation to a \text{M}_w 1.9 Seismic Event in an Ultra-deep South African Gold Mine     

Moritz Ziegler  Karsten Reiter  Oliver Heidbach  Arno Zang  Grzegorz Kwiatek  Dietrich Stromeyer  Torsten Dahm  Georg Dresen  Gerhard Hofmann 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2015,172(10):2557-2570

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New spatial dimensions of global cityscapes: From reviewing existing concepts to a conceptual spatial approach     

Isabel Georg  Thomas Blaschke  Hannes Taubenböck 《地理学报(英文版)》2016,26(3):355-380

Current global urbanisation processes are leading to new forms of massive urban constellations. The conceptualisations and classifications of these, however, are often ambiguous, overlap or lag behind in scientific literature. This article examines whether there is a common denominator to define and delimitate–and ultimately map–these new dimensions of cityscapes. In an extensive literature review we analysed and juxtaposed some of the most common concepts such as megacity, megaregion or megalopolis. We observed that many concepts are abstract or unspecific, and for those concepts for which physical parameters exist, the parameters are neither properly defined nor used in standardised ways. While understandably concepts originate from various disciplines, the authors identify a need for more precise definition and use of parameters. We conclude that often, spatial patterns of large urban areas resemble each other considerably but the definitions vary so widely that these differences may surpass any inconsistencies in the spatial delimitation process. In other words, today we have tools such as earth observation data and Geographic Information Systems to parameterise if clear definitions are provided. This appears not to be the case. The limiting factor when delineating large urban areas seems to be a commonly agreed ontology.  相似文献   

Analysis of Wellbore Skin Samples—Typology,Composition, and Hydraulic Properties          下载免费PDF全文

Georg J. Houben  Matthias Halisch  Stephan Kaufhold  Christoph Weidner  Jürgen Sander  Morris Reich 《Ground water》2016,54(5):634-645

The presence of a wellbore skin layer, formed during the drilling process, is a major impediment for the energy‐efficient use of water wells. Many models exist that predict its potential impacts on well hydraulics, but so far its relevant hydraulic parameters were only estimates or, at best, model results. Here, we present data on the typology, thickness, composition, and hydraulic properties obtained from the sampling of excavated dewatering wells in lignite surface mines and from inclined core drilling into the annulus of an abandoned water well. Despite the limited number of samples, several types of skin were identified. Both surface cake filtration and particle straining in the aquifer occur. The presence of microcracks may be a determining feature for the hydraulic conductivity of skin layers. In the case of the well‐developed water supply well, no skin layer was detected. The observed types and properties of wellbore skin samples can be used to test the many mathematical skin models.  相似文献   

Hydrodynamic-phytoplankton model for short-term forecasts of phytoplankton in Lake Taihu, China   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Jiacong Huang  Junfeng Gao  Georg Hörmann 《Limnologica》2012,42(1):7-18

Phytoplankton biomass is an important factor for short-term forecasts of algal blooms. Our new hydrodynamic-phytoplankton model is primarily intended for simulating the spatial and temporal distribution of phytoplankton in Lake Taihu within a time frame of 1-5 days. The model combines two modules: a simple phytoplankton kinetics module for growth and loss; and a mass-transport module, which defines phytoplankton transport horizontally with a two dimensional hydrodynamic model. To adapt field data for model input and calibration, we introduce two simplifications: (a) exclusion of some processes related to phytoplankton dynamics like nutrient dynamics, sediment resuspension, mineralization and nitrification, and (b) use of monthly measured data of the nutrient state. Chlorophyll-α concentration, representing phytoplankton biomass, is the only state variable in the model. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to identify the most sensitive parameter set in the phytoplankton kinetics module. The model was calibrated with field data collected in 2008 and validated with additional data obtained in 2009. A comparison of simulated and observed chlorophyll-α concentration for 33 grid cells achieved an accuracy of 78.7%. However, mean percent error and mean absolute percent error were 13.4% and 58.2%, respectively, which implies that further improvement is necessary, e.g. by reducing uncertainty of the model input and by an improved parameter calibration.  相似文献   

应用AMSR-E 89GHz遥感数据反演北极多年冰密集度   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

王欢欢  Georg Heygster  韩树宗  程斌 《极地研究》2009,21(3):186-196

被动微波辐射计AMSR-E在89GHz频段的空间分辨率几乎是其它低频段的2倍。到目前为止,已经有成熟的算法采用AMSR-E 89GHz频段的数据来反演整体海冰的密集度,而本文根据89GHz频段亮温数据针对一年冰、多年冰以及无冰水面的不同特性,提出了一种反演多年冰密集度的方法(AC)。计算了2007年北极的整体海冰和多年冰密集度,并与NASA TEAM算法(NT)的结果作了比较。对于整体海冰密集度,两种算法反演的结果基本一致。从日平均上来看,AC算法得到的整体海冰覆盖面积只比NT算法多25万km2。但是对于多年冰的反演结果,AC算法得到的结果比NT的结果要多出146万km2,冬季差别尤其大。造成这种差别的原因可能是AC算法对于北极表面气温的变化比较敏感。另外,AC算法计算得到2007年最大海冰覆盖面积为1400万km2,最小海冰覆盖面积为400万km2,这与其它研究结果一致。  相似文献   

Acoustic Emissions Monitoring during Inelastic Deformation of Porous Sandstone: Comparison of Three Modes of Deformation   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Jerome Fortin  Sergei Stanchits  Georg Dresen  Yves Gueguen 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2009,166(5-7):823-841

In some reservoirs, large deformations can occur during oil or gas production because of the effective stress change. For very porous rocks, these production operations can be sufficient to cause inelastic deformation and irreversible damage. Rock formations can undergo deformation by different mechanisms, including dilatancy or pore collapse. In the laboratory, it has been shown that the inelastic deformation and failure mode of porous rocks are pressure sensitive. Indeed, when subjected to an overall compressive loading, a porous rock may fail by shear localization, compaction localization, or by cataclastic compaction. Acoustic emission (AE) records provide important information to understand the failure mode of rocks: the spatial evolution of damage as well as the source mechanisms can be followed using this technique. In this paper, we present three different laboratory axisymmetric compression experiments, performed on Bleurswiller sandstone, which enable us to compare the acoustic emission signature of these three modes of deformation. Our data show that compaction localization and cataclastic compaction are characterized by similar acoustic signatures (in terms of AE sources characteristics and evolution of AE number), in comparison to the acoustic signature from shear localization. This implies similar micromechanisms involved during compaction bands formation and cataclastic compaction.  相似文献   

Dating of soil layers in a young floodplain using iron oxide crystallinity   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Georg J. Lair  Franz Zehetner  Markus Hrachowitz  Nikolaus Franz  Franz-Josef Maringer  Martin H. Gerzabek 《Quaternary Geochronology》2009,4(3):260-266

Dating of fluvial deposits is essential for a more quantitative understanding of landscape evolution and soil development in floodplain environments. We collected soil layers in defined depth intervals down to 60 cm along a substrate age gradient in a floodplain of the Danube River near Vienna, Austria. Depth profiles of fallout ¹³⁷Cs were used to assess short-term sedimentation, and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating was used to attribute sediment deposits to time periods between the early last millennium BC and the 18th century AD. In the studied soils, the ratio of oxalate- to dithionite-extractable iron (Fe_o/Fe_d), which indicates the degree of iron oxide crystallinity, progressively decreased from ratios greater than 0.5 to values less than 0.2 with increasing soil age and proved to be a reliable indicator of soil maturity. We linked the observed Fe_o/Fe_d ratios to the radiometric and OSL ages in a chronofunction, which allows to approximately date soil layers that lack an independent age control. The soil ages calculated with this chronofunction accurately reflected their geomorphological position, resulted in consistent age trends with depth, and highlighted the active morphodynamics of the studied floodplain. The chronofunction was further validated by dating a soil profile near the studied chronosequence that contained an archaeological find dated to the La Tène period (5th to 1st century BC).  相似文献   

Microseismicity induced during fluid-injection: A case study from the geothermal site at Groß Schönebeck,North German Basin   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Grzegorz Kwiatek  Marco Bohnhoff  Georg Dresen  Ali Schulze  Thomas Schulte  Günter Zimmermann  Ernst Huenges 《Acta Geophysica》2010,58(6):995-1020

The technical feasibility of geothermal power production in a low enthalpy environment will be investigated in the geothermal site at Groß Schönebeck, North German Basin, where a borehole doublet was completed in 2007. In order to complete the Enhanced Geothermal System, three massive hydraulic stimulations were performed. A seismic network was deployed including a single 3-component downhole seismic sensor at only 500 m distance to the injection point. Injection rates reached up to 9 m³/min and the maximum injection well-head pressure was as high as ～60 MPa. A total of 80 very small (?1.8 < M _W < ?1.0) induced seismic events were detected. The hypocenters were determined for 29 events. The events show a strong spatial and temporal clustering and a maximum seismicity rate of 22 events per day. Spectral parameters were estimated from the downhole seismometer and related to those from other types of induced seismicity. The majority of events occurred towards the end of stimulation phases indicating a similar behavior as observed at similar treatments in crystalline environments but in our case at a smaller level of seismic activity and at lower magnitudes.  相似文献