Petrography and provenance of the Early Permian Fluvial Warchha Sandstone,Salt Range,Pakistan     

Shahid Ghazi  Nigel P. Mountney 《Sedimentary Geology》2011,233(1-4):88-110

The Warchha Sandstone of the Salt Range of Pakistan is a continental succession that accumulated as part of a meandering, fluvial system during Early Permian times. Several fining-upward depositional cycles are developed, each of which is composed of conglomerate, cross-bedded sandstone and, in their upper parts, bioturbated siltstone and claystone units with distinctive desiccation cracks and carbonate concretions. Clast lithologies are mainly of plutonic and low-grade metamorphic origin, with an additional minor sedimentary component. Textural properties of the sandstone are fine- to coarse-grained, poorly to moderately sorted, sub-angular to sub-rounded, and with generally loose packing. Based on modal analyses, the sandstone is dominantly a feldspathoquartzose (arkose to sub-arkose). Detrital constituents are mainly composed of monocrystalline quartz, feldspars (more K-feldspar than plagioclase) and various types of lithic clasts. XRD and SEM studies indicate that kaolinite is the dominant clay mineral and that it occurs as both allogenic and authigenic forms. However, illite, illite-smectite mixed layer, smectite and chlorite are also recognised in both pores and fractures. Much of the kaolinite was likely derived by the severe chemical weathering of previously deposited basement rocks under the influence of a hot and humid climate. Transported residual clays deposited as part of the matrix of the Warchha Sandstone show coherent links with the sandstone petrofacies, thereby indicating the same likely origin. Illite, smectite and chlorite mainly occur as detrital minerals and as alteration products of weathered acidic igneous and metamorphic rocks. Based primarily on fabric relationship, the sequence of cement formation in the Warchha Sandstone is clay (generally kaolinite), iron oxide, calcareous and siliceous material, before iron-rich illite and occasional mixed layer smectite–illite and rare chlorite. Both petrographic analysis and field characteristics of the sandstone indicate that the source areas were characterised by uplift of a moderate to high relief continental block that was weathered under the influence of hot and humid climatic conditions. The rocks weathered from the source areas included primary granites and gneisses, together with metamorphic basement rocks and minor amounts of sedimentary rocks. Regional palaeogeographic reconstructions indicate that much of the Warchha Sandstone detritus was derived from the Aravalli and Malani ranges and surrounding areas of the Indian Craton to the south and southeast, before being transported to and deposited within the Salt Range region under the influence of a semi-arid to arid climatic regime.  相似文献   

Depositional history and sequence stratigraphy of Tirgan formation (Barremian-Aptian) in central Kopet Dagh, NE Iran     

M. Javanbakht  S. Ghazi  R. Moussavi-Harami  A. Mahboubi 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):701-711

The Tirgan Formation (Barremian — Aptian) is exposed in the Kopet Dagh in northeast Iran. Two stratigraphic sections in Radkan and Chenaran were measured. Their thickness are 238 m and 119 m, respectively. This formation in measured sections consists of three parts (including lower carbonate, middle limy shale — marl and upper carbonate rocks). Based on study of 164 thin-sections, 15 carbonate and 2 siliciclastic lithofacies have been identified. Carbonate lithofacies are deposited in a ramp platform in fore shoal, shoal, lagoon and tidal flat environments. Sea level changes during lower Cretaceous led to the formation of different large-scale depositional sequences Radkan (two) and Chenaran (two) respectively. The present study highlights the reconstruction of tectonic history of the area during lower Cretaceous.  相似文献   

Seismic microzonation for Muscat region,Sultanate of Oman     

El-Hussain  I.  Deif  A.  Al-Jabri  K.  Mohamed  A. M. E.  Al-Rawas  G.  Toksöz  M. N.  Sundararajan  N.  El-Hady  S.  Al-Hashmi  S.  Al-Toubi  K.  Al-Saifi  M.  Al-Habsi  Z. 《Natural Hazards》2013,69(3):1919-1950

Natural Hazards - Site characterization was carried out for Muscat region using the ambient noise measurements applying the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) technique and using active...  相似文献   

Arabs versus Jews in Galilee: Competition for regional resources     

Ghazi Falah Dr. 《GeoJournal》1990,21(4):325-336

This paper suggests that the State of Israel is neither pluralistic nor neutral when it comes to the allocation of regional resources between the two groups of its citizenry, Jewish and Arab. The study focuses on the state's N region, Galilee, where the unequal distribution of land, water, and local budgets as regional resources between Jewish and Arab settlements reflects a geography of power along lines of ethnic cleavage. Rather than being a neutral agent in resource distribution and allocation, the central government plays a key role in allocatinal policies distinctly skewed in favor of the Jewish population in Galilee, resulting in highly uneven development patterns and other disparities.Paper originally presented at the IBG Annual conference, Glasgow, 3–6 January 1990  相似文献   

Development of ground-shaking maps for the Sultanate of Oman   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Eser Çaktı  Issa El-Hussain  Karin Şeşetyan  Ahmed Deif  Ufuk Hancılar  Ghazi Al-Rawas  Yaver Kamer  Khalifa Al-Jabri 《Natural Hazards》2016,82(2):1357-1373

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Solidification of Tank Bottom Sludge   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Ramzi A. Taha  Yahia E.-A. Mohamedzein  Amer A. Al-Rawas  Yahya Al-Suleimani 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2010,28(1):15-25

Tank bottom oily sludge (S) is collected from tank bottoms during cleaning operations and contaminated soil is collected after spills and leakages. Disposal of tank sludge is a significant item of tank maintenance for producers, refiners and transporters of petroleum materials. The objective of this paper is to investigate the use of various additives in the solidification of tank bottom sludge. The sludge was solidified using various combinations of additives including ordinary Portland cement (OPC), cement by-pass dust (CBPD) and quarry fines (QF). Geotechnical and leachability properties of the mixtures were determined. The use of OPC alone as a solidifying agent yielded the best results. This was followed by blends S:OPC:QF of 1:0.5:1.5 and S:CBPD of 1:2. Economically, the latter two mixtures would be considered more cost-effective in solidifying the sludge as the additives are waste by-product materials. The Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) results indicated that no extracts exceeded the threshold TCLP limits established by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The solidified material can be used in construction of roads, embankments and landfill layers.  相似文献   

Discussion of the paper: ‘Rock nail reinforcement of a free surface’ by Euripides Papamichos and Ioannis Vardoulakis,International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2010. DOI: 10.1002/nag.1003     

Patrick de Buhan  Ghazi Hassen 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2012,36(9):1241-1243

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Inference of total ozone from photometric measurements of sky radiation     

Ghazi  A. 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1973,106(1):950-961

Summary Ground-based photometric measurements of spectral sky radiation have been made using a simple filter instrument. Sky radiation intensities measured in the solar vertical at =3200 Å and 3600 Å are compared to infer total ozone. A model of multiple scattering Rayleigh atmosphere serves as a primary reduction parameter. Spectral measurements of all-sky radiance distribution are used to study the effects of haze and clouds on the inference of total ozone. The brightness distribution of clear and overcast sky in ultraviolet is also described.  相似文献   

The development of the ‘planned bedouin settlement’ in Israel 1964–1982: evaluation and characteristics     

Ghazi Falah 《Geoforum》1983,14(3):311-323

Tribal traditions are facing a severe crisis in modern society. The bedouin in Israel form a small group (13%) within the state's Arab minority, and they completed their transition stage towards settled habits in the middle of the present century with the establishment of a relatively high number of villages and hamlets. For a variety of reasons such a high number of settlements is considered ‘undesirable’ by the state. It is the object of this paper to examine the state planning of bedouin settlement as a part of the policy of concentrating bedouin groups. It also sheds light on tribal reaction towards this policy.  相似文献   

Assessment of crushed shales for use as compacted landfill liners     

Yahia E.-A. Mohamedzein  Amer A. Al-Rawas  Mohammed Y. Al-Aghbari  Ahmed Qatan  Abdul-Hamid Al-Rawas 《Engineering Geology》2005,80(3-4):271-281

The possibility of using crushed shales as landfill liners is investigated in this study. Two types of shales were studied by performing the following laboratory tests: hydraulic conductivity, compaction, swelling, consolidation, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and chemical analysis. For both compacted shales, the hydraulic conductivity was in order of 10^− 7 cm/s or less which satisfies the specifications for landfill liners. The results of XRD and SEM support the low values of the hydraulic conductivity. Because of the dominant presence of low-activity kaolinite, there was no significant change in the hydraulic conductivity when the compacted shales are exposed to calcium chloride solution. The compressibility of the compacted clay was low and no serious post-construction settlement is expected. The shear strength of the compacted shales was within the usual expected range for earthen liners and, therefore, should pose no challenges with respect to shear strength. The crushed shales also satisfy the other criteria related to Atterberg limits and grain size.  相似文献