The L��Aquila earthquake��A view of site effects and building behavior from temporary networks     

Giovanna Cultrera  Marco Mucciarelli  Stefano Parolai 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2011,9(3):691-695

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Trace elements and REE fractionation in subsoils developed on sedimentary and volcanic rocks: case study of the Mt. Vulture area,southern Italy     

Giovanni Mongelli  Michele Paternoster  Giovanna Rizzo  Rosa Sinisi 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2014,103(4):1125-1140

There is an increasing interest in the distribution of rare earth elements (REEs) within soils, primarily as these elements can be used to identify pedogenetic processes and because soils may be future sources for REE extraction, despite much attention should be paid to the protection and preservation of present soils. Here, we evaluate the processes that control the distribution of REEs in subsoil horizons developed over differing lithologies in an area of low anthropogenic contamination, allowing estimates of the importance of source rocks and weathering. Specifically, this study presents new data on the distribution of REEs and other trace elements, including transition and high-field-strength elements, in subsoils developed on both Quaternary silica-undersaturated volcanic rocks and Pliocene siliciclastic sedimentary rocks within the Mt. Vulture area of the southern Apennines in Italy. The subsoils in the Mt. Vulture area formed during moderate weathering (as classified using the chemical index of alteration) and contain an assemblage of secondary minerals that is dominated by trioctahedral illite with minor vermiculite. The REEs, high-field-strength elements, and transition metals have higher abundances in subsoils that developed from volcanic rocks, and pedogenesis caused the Mt. Vulture subsoils to have REE concentrations that are an order of magnitude higher than typical values for the upper continental crust. This result indicates that the distribution of REEs in soils is a valuable tool for mineral exploration. A statistical analysis of inter-elemental relationships indicates that REEs are concentrated in clay-rich fractions that also contain significant amounts of low-solubility elements such as Zr and Th, regardless of the parent rock. This suggests that low-solubility refractory minerals, such as zircon, play a significant role in controlling the distribution of REEs in soils. The values of (La/Yb)_N and (Gd/Yb)_N fractionation indices are dependent on the intensity of pedogenesis; soils in the study area have values that are higher than typical upper continental crust ratios, suggesting that soils, especially those that formed during interaction with near neutral to acidic organic-rich surface waters, may represent an important source of both light REEs and medium REEs (MREEs). In comparison, MREE/heavy REE fractionation in soils that form during moderate weathering may be affected by variations in parent rock lithologies, primarily as MREE-hosting minerals, such as pyroxenes, may control (La/Sm)_N index values. Eu anomalies are thought to be the most effective provenance index for sediments, although the anomalies within the soils studied here are not related to the alteration of primary minerals, including feldspars, to clay phases. In some cases, Eu/Eu* values may have a weak correlation with elements hosted by heavy minerals, such as Zr; this indicates that the influence of mechanical sorting of clastic particles during sedimentary transport on the Eu/Eu* values of siliciclastic sediments needs to be considered carefully.  相似文献   

The EChO payload instrument – an overview     

Paul Eccleston  Bruce Swinyard  Marcel Tessenyi  Giovanna Tinetti  Ingo Waldmann  Marc Ferlet  Ranah Irshad  Tanya Lim  Kevin Middleton  Tom Bradshaw  Martin Crook  Tom Hunt  Berend Winter  Ian Bryson  Naidu Bezawada  William Taylor  Neil Bowles  Enzo Pascale  Gianluca Morgante  Emanuele Pace  Alberto Adriani  Jean-Michel Reess  Marc Ollivier  Roland Ottensamer  Mirek Rataj  Gonzalo Ramos Zapata  Jan-Rutger Schrader  Avri Selig  Kate Isaak  Martin Linder  Ludovic Puig 《Experimental Astronomy》2015,40(2-3):427-447

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Wave propagation velocity under a vertically vibrated surface foundation     

Jaehun Ahn  Giovanna Biscontin  Jose M. Roësset 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2009,33(9):1153-1167

The ultimate objective of the research conducted by the authors is to explore the feasibility of determining reliable in situ values of soil modulus as a function of strain. In field experiments, an excitation is applied on the ground surface using large‐scale shakers, and the response of the soil deposit is recorded through receivers embedded in the soil. The focus of this paper is on the simulation and observation of signals that would be recorded at the receiver locations under idealized conditions to provide guidelines on the interpretation of the field measurements. Discrete models are used to reproduce one‐dimensional and three‐dimensional geometries. When the first times of arrival are detected by receivers under the vertical impulse, they coincide with the arrival of the P wave; therefore related to the constrained modulus of the material. If one considers, on the other hand, phase differences between the motions at two receivers, the picture is far more complicated and one would obtain propagation velocities, function of frequency and measuring location, which do not correspond to either the constrained modulus or Young's modulus. It is necessary then to conduct more rigorous and complicated analyses in order to interpret the data. This paper discusses and illustrates these points. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Neogene exhumation of the Marrakech High Atlas (Morocco) recorded by apatite fission-track analysis     

Maria Laura Balestrieri  Giovanna Moratti  Giulio Bigazzi  Ahmed Algouti 《地学学报》2009,21(2):75-82

Apatite fission-track (AFT) data have been obtained along a traverse across the Marrakech High Atlas to constrain its tectono-thermal evolution. AFT ages vary between 212 ± 15 Ma and 20 ± 4 Ma. An Early Miocene AFT age accompanied by long mean track length from the central part of the chain has been interpreted as the timing of the main inversion of this region with the creation of relief because of the shortening induced by the interplay between the African and Eurasian plates. Thermal modelling of samples collected south of the South Atlas Fault Zone indicates a Middle-Late Miocene or even later cooling that has been attributed to the component of the uplift of the chain related to the thermal anomaly present beneath the Atlas Mountains.  相似文献   

Petrology and Sr–Nd–Hf isotope geochemistry of gabbro xenoliths from the Hyblean Plateau: a MARID reservoir beneath SE Sicily?     

Giovanna T. Sapienza  William L. Griffin  Suzanne Y. O’Reilly  Lauro Morten 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2009,157(1):1-22

In situ trace-element and isotopic (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) data and whole-rock Sr–Nd–Hf data on 12 gabbro xenoliths from the Hyblean Plateau (south-eastern Sicily) illustrate the complex petrogenetic evolution of this lithospheric segment. The gabbros formed by precipitation of plagioclase + clinopyroxene from a HIMU-type alkaline melt, then were cryptically metasomatized by a low-Rb, high-⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr fluid, and finally infiltrated by an exotic, late Fe–Ti-rich melt with ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ~ 0.7055, carrying high concentrations of Sr, Rb and HFSE. The geochemical and isotopic features of both the metasomatizing fluid and the Fe–Ti-rich melt are compatible with their common derivation by the progressive melting of an amphibole–phlogopite–ilmenite metasomatic domain (MARID-type?) that probably resided within the subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Therefore, both the astenosphere and the lithosphere underneath the Hyblean Plateau contributed to the petrogenesis of the gabbros. Sm–Nd dating yields an age of 253 ± 60 Ma for the cumulitic pile, roughly coinciding with a hydrothermal event recorded by crustal zircons in the area. We suggest that the Hyblean Plateau suffered a thermal event—probably related to lithospheric thinning and upwelling and melting of the asthenosphere—in Permo-Triassic time (the opening of the Ionian Basin?). The induced perturbation in the lithosphere caused consequent melting of some previously metasomatised portions.  相似文献   

Effects of different boundary conditions on the simulation of groundwater flow in a multi-layered coastal aquifer system (Taranto Gulf,southern Italy)     

Giovanna De Filippis  Laura Foglia  Mauro Giudici  Steffen Mehl  Stefano Margiotta  Sergio L. Negri 《Hydrogeology Journal》2017,25(7):2123-2138

The evaluation of the accuracy or reasonableness of numerical models of groundwater flow is a complex task, due to the uncertainties in hydrodynamic properties and boundary conditions and the scarcity of good-quality field data. To assess model reliability, different calibration techniques are joined to evaluate the effects of different kinds of boundary conditions on the groundwater flow in a coastal multi-layered aquifer in southern Italy. In particular, both direct and indirect approaches for inverse modeling were joined through the calibration of one of the most uncertain parameters, namely the hydraulic conductivity of the karst deep hydrostratigraphic unit. The methodology proposed here, and applied to a real case study, confirmed that the selection of boundary conditions is among the most critical and difficult aspects of the characterization of a groundwater system for conceptual analysis or numerical simulation. The practical tests conducted in this study show that incorrect specification of boundary conditions prevents an acceptable match between the model response to the hydraulic stresses and the behavior of the natural system. Such effects have a negative impact on the applicability of numerical modeling to simulate groundwater dynamics in complex hydrogeological situations. This is particularly important for management of the aquifer system investigated in this work, which represents the only available freshwater resource of the study area, and is threatened by overexploitation and saltwater intrusion.  相似文献   

Application of the MoniFLaIR early warning system for rainfall-induced landslides in Piedmont region (Italy)   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

Giovanna Capparelli  Davide Tiranti 《Landslides》2010,7(4):401-410

Landslides triggered by rainfall can be foreseen by modeling the relationship between the time occurrence of landslides and rainfall. This paper deals with the argument by adopting a hydrological model called Forecasting of Landslides Induced by Rainfall (FLaIR). The model is applicable for forecasting recurrent landslides and it is based on the identification of a mobility function Y(.) that links the occurrence of a slope movement to the antecedent rainfall. Once the mobility function is defined, it is possible to define its critical values, the exceeding of which indicates that new mobilizations could occur. The FLaIR model has been used to study some phenomena that happened in Lanzo Valleys, a Western Alps sector of the Piedmont region (Northern Italy) where slope debris flows are the predominant landslide type. The study has led to the development of an early warning system, called MoniFLaIR, for real-time monitoring and forecasting of slope hazard. This article describes some details of the system and its performance.  相似文献   

An atmosphere–ocean regional climate model for the Mediterranean area: assessment of a present climate simulation     

Vincenzo Artale  Sandro Calmanti  Adriana Carillo  Alessandro Dell’Aquila  Marine Herrmann  Giovanna Pisacane  Paolo M. Ruti  Gianmaria Sannino  Maria Vittoria Struglia  Filippo Giorgi  Xunqiang Bi  Jeremy S. Pal  Sara Rauscher 《Climate Dynamics》2010,35(5):721-740

We present an atmosphere–ocean regional climate model for the Mediterranean basin, called the PROTHEUS system, composed by the regional climate model RegCM3 as the atmospheric component and by a regional configuration of the MITgcm model as the oceanic component. The model is applied to an area encompassing the Mediterranean Sea and compared to a stand-alone version of its atmospheric component. An assessment of the model performances is done by using available observational datasets. Despite a persistent bias, the PROTHEUS system is able to capture the inter-annual variability of seasonal sea surface temperature (SST) and also the fine scale spatio-temporal evolution of observed SST anomalies, with spatial correlation as high as 0.7 during summer. The close inspection of a 10-day strong wind event during the summer of 2000 proves the capability of the PROTHEUS system to correctly describe the daily evolution of SST under strong air–sea interaction conditions. As a consequence of the model’s skill in reproducing observed SST and wind fields, we expect a reliable estimation of air–sea fluxes. The model skill in reproducing climatological land surface fields is in line with that of state of the art regional climate models.  相似文献   

Lithological control on thrust-related deformation in the Sassa-Guardistallo Basin (Northern Apennines hinterland, Italy)     

Andrea Cerrina Feroni  Marco Bonini†  Patrizia Martinelli  Giovanna Moratti†  Federico Sani‡  Domenico Montanari†‡  Chiara Del Ventisette†‡ 《Basin Research》2006,18(3):301-321

The Sassa‐Guardistallo Basin (SGB) is located close to the Tyrrhenian Sea and represents one of the most internal Neogene–Quaternary hinterland basins of the Northern Apennines fold‐and‐thrust belt. Its sedimentary succession consists of ca. 400‐m‐thick Late Tortonian–Messinian continental – largely conglomeratic – units overstepping a mainly shaly substratum (Palombini Shales) and overlain by Late Messinian evaporites and marine to continental Pliocene–Pleistocene sediments. This stratigraphic succession can be approximated to a composite rheological multilayer that dictated the style of basin deformation. Detailed geological mapping and structural analysis revealed that basin deposits were affected by compressional deformations that can be found both at map and outcrop scales. Decametric splay thrusts emanating from the substratum–conglomerate interface locally double the continental succession and are bounded by a roof thrust along the Late Messinian evaporite décollement, defining a deformation pattern consistent with a duplex‐like structure. The time–space structural evolution of the basin inferred from the fieldwork was addressed and tested by analogue modelling that approximated the rheological stratification of the study area to a layered brittle–ductile system. The model results support the hypothesis that the evolution of the thrust system affecting the SGB started as an early floor imbricate fan thrust system that successively evolved to a duplex structure as the link thrusts propagated into the upper décollement layer that resulted from the deposition of the Late Messinian evaporites. Models display many structural features that may be compared with the natural prototype, and highlight the importance of syntectonic sedimentation in the development and evolution of tectonic structures. The results of this study retain relevant implications for the Neogene evolution of the Tyrrhenian Basin–Northern Apennines system. This study also supports that combining between field structural analyses and analogue modelling can give useful hints into the evolutionary history of tectonically complex areas.  相似文献