The area and absolute magnetic flux of sunspots over the past 400 years     

Yu. A. Nagovitsyn  A. G. Tlatov  E. Yu. Nagovitsyna 《Astronomy Reports》2016,60(9):831-838

A new series of yearly-mean relative sunspot numbers SN ₂ that has been extrapolated into the past (to 1610) is presented. The Kislovodsk series with the scale factor b = 1.0094 ± 0.0059 represents a reasonable continuation of the mean-monthly and mean-yearly total sunspot areas of the Greenwich series after 1976. The second maximum of the 24th solar-activity cycle was not anomalously low, and was no lower than 6 of the past 13 cycles. A series A ₂ of values for the total sunspot area in 1610–2015 has been constructed, and is complementary to new versions of the series of the relative number of sunspots SN ₂ and the number of sunspot groups GN ₂. When needed, this series can be reduced to yield a quantity having a clear physical meaning—the spot absolute magnetic flux Φ _Σ(t)[Mx] = 2.16 × 10¹⁹ A(t) [mvh]. The maximum sunspot area during the Maunder minimum is much higher in the new series compared to the previous version. This at least partially supports the validity of arguments that cast doubt on the anomalously low ampltude of the solar cycles during the Maunder minimum that has been assumed by many researchers earlier.  相似文献   

In-bearing potential of tin‒sulfide mineralization in ore deposits of the Russian Far East     

G. G. Pavlova  A. G. Vladimirov  V. I. Gvozdev  P. G. Korostelev  B. I. Semenyak  V. G. Gonevchuk  P. A. Tishin 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2016,471(1):1118-1122

The increased demand for indium has made it necessary to revise prospects of In-bearing tin ore deposits in the Russian Far East on the basis of geological data and results of recent analytical methods (X-ray fluorescence with synchrotron radiation, atomic absorption, and ICP-MS). The average In contents in ores of the Tigrinoe and Pravourmiiskoe deposits vary from 55 to 70 ppm, which allows tin ore deposits with Sn?sulfide mineralization to be considered as quite promising with respect to In production from ores of Russian deposits. By their estimated In reserves, the Tigrinoe and Pravourmiiskoe deposits may be attributed to large ore objects.  相似文献   

Chemical composition,isotopic U–Pb age,and source of zircon from polymineralic ichet’yu occurrence,Mobile Timan     

A. B. Makeev  T. B. Bayanova  S. E. Borisovsky  O. M. Zhilicheva 《Geology of Ore Deposits》2016,58(8):646-652

This study focuses on the morphological features, color cathodoluminescence, chemical composition, age, and source of zircons from the Ichet’yu occurrence. The isotopic U–Pb age of Paleo–Mezoproterozoic zircon grains varies within an interval of ~700 Ma from 2247 to 1478 Ma. The average roundness and well-preserved integrity of zircon grains allow us to suggest their proximal source. The available data show that the basement of the Middle Timan, composed of continental Paleo–Mezoproterozoic igneous rocks, is the most probable source of zircon in the Ichet’yu occurrence. These rocks are apparently a continuation of the Archean–Proterozoic Arkhangel’sk Mobile Belt.  相似文献   

Ionospheric response to a rocket launch from the Vostochnyi Cosmodrome     

G. A. Zherebtsov  N. P. Perevalova 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2016,471(2):1280-1283

The atmospheric disturbances caused by the first rocket launch from the Vostochnyi Cosmodrome on April 28, 2016, were registered 10–24 min after the launch using the signals of the GPS/GLONASS global navigation satellite systems. The analysis of the spatial distribution of the disturbances allowed the conclusion that the launch vehicle moved northwest from the cosmodrome, which corresponds to a trajectory of the satellite movement to the orbit with an inclination of 98º.  相似文献   

Geodynamics of the Barents–Kara margin in the Mesozoic inferred from paleomagnetic data on rocks from the Franz Josef Land Archipelago     

N. E. Mikhaltsov  Yu. V. Karyakin  V. V. Abashev  V. Yu. Bragin  V. A. Vernikovsky  A. V. Travin 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2016,471(2):1242-1246

New data on paleomagnetism and isotope geochronology of Jurassic and Early Cretaceous basic igneous rocks on Franz Josef Land Archipelago (FJL) represented by flows and dikes are discussed. The first paleomagnetic data obtained for these rocks offer the opportunity to suggest a model of spatial changes in the FJL block position during the Jurassic?Cretaceous. In the Early Jurassic, the block occupied a different position relative to Europe from the modern one. It was displaced in the northeasterly direction by a distance of approximately 500 km and rotated clockwise by about 40° relative to its modern position. By the Early Cretaceous, the FJL block occupied a position close to the present-day one avoiding subsequent substantial relative displacements. The data obtained are of principal significance for reconstructing the geodynamic evolution of Arctic structures in the Mesozoic and contribute greatly to the base of paleomagnetic data for the Arctic region, development of which is now in progress.  相似文献   

The total number of spicules on the solar surface and their role in heating and mass balanace in the solar corona     

S. G. Mamedov  D. M. Kuli-Zade  Z. F. Alieva  M. M. Musaev  F. R. Mustafa 《Astronomy Reports》2016,60(9):848-852

A critical review of determinations of the number of spicules is presented, and the role of both classical and Type 2 spicules in heating and mass balance in the corona is considered. The total number of Type 2 spicules is determined, together with the upward fluxes of energy and mass to which they give rise. The total number of Type 2 spicules on the solar surface is found to be ~10⁵, close to values obtained in other studies. The associated particle flux toward the corona is 2.5 × 10¹⁴ cm^?2 s^?1, an order of magnitude lower than the corresponding flux for classical spicules. The associated energy flux is 10⁴ erg cm^?2 s^?1, an order of magnaitude lower than estimates obtained in other studies. The results indicate that Type 2 spicules can supply the mass lost from the corona, but are not able to fully explain coronal energy losses.  相似文献   

A Tribute to Thomas M. Church: Exploring Chemical Oceanography in the Coastal Zone—The History and Future     

Gregory A. Cutter  David J. Burdige 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2016,22(4):271-274

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Direct and Indirect Effects of Estuarine Reclamation on Nutrient and Metal Fluxes in the Global Coastal Zone   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

T. D. Jickells  J. E. Andrews  D. J. Parkes 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2016,22(4):337-348

We demonstrate that land reclamation in estuaries is resulting in very large-scale loss of intertidal area and disconnection of stored sediment with the water column. This process is not just causing loss of estuarine ecosystem services, it is also having a major deleterious impact on the ability of estuaries to retain nutrients and trace metals. The global scale of loss of estuarine wetlands and subtidal sediments has reached the point where the impact of this loss of estuarine retention is likely to be affecting coastal seas worldwide and possibly global element cycles.  相似文献   

The Air-Coastal Sea Chemical Exchange: A Case Study on the New Jersey Coast     

Yuan Gao  Pami Mukherjee  Rafael Jusino-Atresino 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2016,22(4):275-289

The coastal marine atmosphere adjacent to large urban and industrial centers is in general strongly impacted by pollution emissions, resulting in high loading of pollutants in the ambient air. Among the airborne substances are certain trace elements from a variety of emission sources that can serve as micronutrients to marine organisms in coastal waters. High concentrations of such elements in coastal air can result in enhanced air-to-sea deposition fluxes to coastal waters. They could also be transported over the open ocean, affecting the composition of the remote marine atmosphere and then ocean ecosystems. To provide better understanding of the extent of air-to-sea deposition processes on the New Jersey coast, a heavily polluted coastal region on the US East Coast, a synthesis of observation data was carried out for selected trace elements, including Fe, Cd, Cr and Cu, derived from measurements of both size-segregated and bulk aerosol particles, as well as precipitation around the New Jersey coast. The atmospheric input of Hg was also estimated based on measurement data. Results indicated that the total deposition fluxes of most trace elements were higher in Northern coastal NJ compared to Southern coastal NJ, reflecting the differences in the source strengths of these element emissions between the two coastal regions. Dry deposition processes were more significant for common dust-derived elements, particularly Fe and Al, compared with their wet deposition fluxes. However, the processes of precipitation scavenging appeared to be more important for the elements that were often enriched in fine particles including Zn, Cu, Pb and Ni. The removal of Hg from the ambient air was overwhelmingly dominated by atmospheric wet deposition. In the future, atmospheric measurements at more sites on the NJ coast should be performed simultaneously to reduce the spatial and temporal uncertainties associated with atmospheric deposition fluxes estimated in this study.  相似文献   

Marine Chemistry in the Coastal Environment: Principles,Perspective and Prospectus   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Thomas M. Church 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2016,22(4):375-389

Marine chemistry of the coastal environment starts with principles of rock weathering that use carbonic acid to mobilize elements, only some of which comprise the majority of sea salt. The principle reason is reverse weathering, extensively represented in coastal waters, and returns most elements to newly formed colloids or minerals while recycling carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. This includes the deeper ocean expanse of sediment diagenesis, plus hydrothermal plumes and attendant low-temperature basalt alteration. Within the estuarine and extended shelf regimes, both conservative and non-conservative processes can be distinguished and modeled to determine proportions of weathered elements transmitted to the sea or consumed by reverse weathering. Conceptually, the steady-state processes that lead to the composition of seawater can be viewed as heterogeneous equilibria between dissolved constituents and solid mineral products taking hundreds of millennia. However, initial processes in the estuarine and coastal environment are characterized by shorter term scavenging associated with inorganic and organic colloids. These recycle both carbon and trace elements on timescales commensurate with estuarine flushing and coastal exchange with the ocean. The natural uranium and thorium decay series provide powerful tools for quantifying the rates of estuarine processes, including those within groundwater and the subterranean estuary. In the future, new mass spectrometric and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques will help to define the molecular nature of newly formed estuarine colloids as has been done for dissolved organic matter. As the coastal environment undergoes the forces of climate change in the form of warming and sea level rise, future research should address how these will impact chemistry of the coastal environment as a net source or sink of carbon dioxide and associated organic material.  相似文献