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231.
A. R. Breen W. A. Coles R. R. Grail M. T. Klinglesmith J. Markkanen P. J. Moran B. Tegid P. J. S. Williams 《Annales Geophysicae》1997,14(12):1235-1245
EISCAT observations of interplanetary scintillation have been used to measure the velocity of the solar wind at distances between 15 and 130R (solar radii) from the Sun. The results show that the solar wind consists of two distinct components, a fast stream with a velocity of 800 km s–1 and a slow stream at 400 kms–1. The fast stream appears to reach its final velocity much closer to the Sun than expected. The results presented here suggest that this is also true for the slow solar wind. Away from interaction regions the flow vector of the solar wind is purely radial to the Sun. Observations have been made of fast wind/slow wind interactions which show enhanced levels of scintillation in compression regions. 相似文献
232.
Richard J. Williams 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1974,38(9):1415-1433
The distribution coefficients of Eu and Sr for plagioclase-liquid and clinopyroxene-liquid pairs as a function of temperature and oxygen fugacity were experimentally investigated using an oceanic ridge basalt enriched with Eu and Sr as the starting material. Experiments were conducted between 1190° and 1140°C over a range of oxygen fugacities between 10?8 and 10?14 atm.The molar distribution coefficients are given by the equations: logPLSr = 7320/T ? 4.62logKCPXSr = 18020/T ? 13.10. Similarly, the weight fraction distribution coefficients are given by the equations: logDPLSr = 6570/T ? 4.30logDCPXSr = 18434/T ? 13.62.Although the mole fraction distribution coefficients have a smaller dependence on bulk composition than do the weight fraction distribution coefficients, they are not independent of bulk composition, thereby restricting the application of these experimental results to rocks similar to oceanic ridge basalts in bulk composition.Because the Sr distribution coefficients are independent of oxygen fugacity, they may be used as geothermometers. If the temperature can be determined independently — for example, with the Sr distribution coefficients, the Eu distribution coefficients may be used as oxygen geobarometers. Throughout the range of oxygen fugacities ascribed to terrestrial and lunar basalts, plagioclase concentrates Eu but clinopyroxene rejects Eu. 相似文献
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235.
Summary On 29 October 1998, the RGS-IBG invited delegates to a conference entitled 'Social exclusion and the city', with Geoff Mulgan (founder of the think-tank Demos and a policy advisor to Prime Minister Blair) as the keynote speaker. The event was well attended, providing much useful insight into the government policies of the 'Social Exclusion Unit' and ongoing academic research into the processes and problems of 'social exclusion'. Here we provide some general observations on the conference and some suggestions regarding the possible directions of the debate on social exclusion and inclusion. 相似文献
236.
Time-dependent evaporation of icy mantles in hot cores 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Serena Viti David A. Williams 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1999,305(4):755-762
237.
S. J. Collander-Brown A. Fitzsimmons E. Fletcher M. J. Irwin I. P. Williams 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1999,308(2):588-592
We have obtained a number of CCD images of two trans-Neptunian objects, 1994 VK8 and 1996 TP66, over two nights. The changes in magnitude of these objects have been examined, in a search for periodic variation. In the case of 1996 TP66, nothing other than random noise can be found to within the errors of ∼0.04 mag. Although a periodic signal is found for 1994 VK8, it appears to be an artefact, as the same frequency appears in the variation of sky brightness and is probably due to the sampling of the data. However, 1994 VK8 does exhibit a variation of ∼0.5 mag. This would suggest either significant non-sphericity or a change in surface composition over a large area. In either case 1994 VK8 warrants further investigation. 相似文献
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239.
Earle Williams Bob Boldi Anne Matlin Mark Weber Steve Hodanish Dave Sharp Steve Goodman Ravi Raghavan Dennis Buechler 《Atmospheric Research》1999,51(3-4)
The development of a new observational system called LISDAD (Lightning Imaging Sensor Demonstration and Display) has enabled a study of severe weather in central Florida. The total flash rates for storms verified to be severe are found to exceed 60 fpm, with some values reaching 500 fpm. Similar to earlier results for thunderstorm microbursts, the peak flash rate precedes the severe weather at the ground by 5–20 min. A distinguishing feature of severe storms is the presence of lightning ‘jumps' — abrupt increases in flash rate in advance of the maximum rate for the storm. The systematic total lightning precursor to severe weather of all kinds — wind, hail, tornadoes — is interpreted in terms of the updraft that sows the seeds aloft for severe weather at the surface and simultaneously stimulates the ice microphysics that drives the intracloud lightning activity. 相似文献
240.
Ancient crustal rocks provide the only direct evidence for the processes and products of early Earth differentiation. SHRIMP
zircon U-Th-Pb dating has identified, amongst the Acasta gneisses of the western Slave Province, Canada, two metatonalites
and a metagranodiorite that have igneous ages of 4002 ± 4, 4012 ± 6 and 4031 ± 3 Ga respectively. These are the first identified
Priscoan terrestrial rocks. A record of metamorphic events at ∼3.75, ∼3.6 and ∼1.7 Ga also is preserved. These discoveries
approximately double, to ∼40 km2, the area over which ∼4.0 Ga gneisses are known to occur. A single older zircon core in one sample suggests that rocks as
old as 4.06 Ga might yet be found in the region. As early as 4.03 Ga, terrestrial differentiation was already producing tonalitic
magmas, probably by partial melting of pre-existing, less differentiated crust.
Received: 28 February 1997 / Accepted: 9 July 1998 相似文献